memory loss, changs in personality, behaviour, problems with speech, language and judgement. Affected motor skills and orientation. May be accompanied by depression and anxiety
2 of 23
What types of neurons are affected and how is that presented?
Cholinergic neurons (decreased Ach production): affected memory, learning, attention, consciouseness, sleep, dreaming, balance, motor function, visual
3 of 23
Where in brain do cholinergic losses occur?
Hippocampus (could be stress-induced), thalamus, cortex, brainstem, striatum
4 of 23
What neurotransmitters are involved in learning and memory?
Glutamate
5 of 23
What dopaminergic systems in brain affected by dementia?
Nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, mesocortical pathways
6 of 23
How is mild Alzheinmer's disease presented?
forgetfullness, intellectual deficit. Awareness of symptoms can lead to depression
7 of 23
How is moderate Alzheinmer's disease presented?
Memory loss, personality change, disinhibition, language problems
What pharmacology is involved in Alzheimer's disease (in terms of causing it)?
Presence of beta-amyloid plaques - proteins that come from cell membrains, neurofibrially tangles (tau proteins) build up in nerve cells. Loss of nicotinic brain receptors (antichilonergic symptoms)
10 of 23
What main areas of brain affected in Alzheimer's ?
Cortex and hippocampus. Cortex shrinks as glutamate and GABA neurons die
11 of 23
What theory is linked to the development of beta-amyloid plaques?
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) hypothesis where enzymes (apha-secretase, beta-amyloid cleaving, gamma-seretase) are linked to development of senile plaques
12 of 23
What is vascular dementia?
Induced by small strokes and blood vessel disease, decrease in oxygen supply. Characterized by confusion and communication problems
13 of 23
What are the possible underlying causes of vascular dementia?
Hypertension, diabetes, hypercholisteronemia
14 of 23
What is Lewy Body Dementia?
Caused by protein deposits on nerve cells in the brain "Lewy bodies". Symptoms are similar to Parkinson's disease; hallucinations, tremors, affected movement and sleep, autonomic dysfunctions
15 of 23
What neurons are affected in Lewy Body Dementia?
dopaminergic and GABA neurons, a decreease in D2 receptors
16 of 23
How can Lewy Body Dementia be pharmacologically managed?
Dopamine agonists (ergon/non-ergot derived), sleep aids (BZD/melatonin), CNS stimulant for daytime sleepiness (modafanil), atypical antipsychotics for hallucinations and delusions (risk of extreme EPS)
17 of 23
What is Frontotemporal dementia?
Atrophy of temporal lobes. Characterized with disinhibited and inappropriate behaviour, loss of social function. Slow onset and progression, loss of D2 and 5-HT1 receptors
18 of 23
When do brain changes begin in patients with dementia?
Usually years before diagnosis, in their early years of life 20-30s
19 of 23
How can cholinesterases help symptoms of dementia?
Rivastigmine, donepezil - inhibit Ach esterase increasing Ach levels in the brain
20 of 23
What other therapies can help control dementia symptoms?
memory loss, changs in personality, behaviour, problems with speech, language and judgement. Affected motor skills and orientation. May be accompanied by depression and anxiety
Card 3
Front
What types of neurons are affected and how is that presented?
Back
Card 4
Front
Where in brain do cholinergic losses occur?
Back
Card 5
Front
What neurotransmitters are involved in learning and memory?
Comments
No comments have yet been made