6. Which of the following is incorrect, regarding a colonoscopy?

Samples of tissue may need to be removed during the procedure if found
Lubricating jelly may be used to make the insertion as easy as possible, but you may still have a bit of discomfort
Air will be pumped into your bowel through the colonoscope to inflate it slightly, which gives the doctor a better view through your bowel. They are able to rotate the tip so that it follows the curves in your bowel
Will be asked to lie on left hand side and bed knees, where they will first use a finger to exam you through the anus and then gently insert the colonoscope
You will usually be awake during the procedure
Takes 2 - 3hrs long
Images from the camera at the end of the colonoscope will appear on a monitor
You may be offered a sedative (IV - injected into your vein in your hand), or painkillers to help you relax and be as comfortable as possible

7. What is not an advantage of arthroscopy over open surgeries?

Avoid lifting heavy things within first 2 - 3 weeks
Any sexual activity - can resume 3 - 4 weeks after operation
Should not drive within first 2 - 3 weeks
Feeling improvements occurs after 1 - 5 weeks
Work return is dependent on what you do, but generally requires 2 - 3 weeks off work
Plenty of fluids and passing of urine regularly to keep remaining kidney healthy
Exercise should be increased gradually (start with short walks and gentle exercise)

It would be best if someone stayed with you overnight
Require a relative or friends to take you home approximately 1hr after the test
Do not drive yourself or use any operating machinery for the remainder of the day
Rest quietly at home
You can go home immediately after the test
The person assisting must be 18yrs or older

Day case procedure. Approximately 30mins - 1hr
Cannot take a biopsy, like in the case of endoscopy. Suspicion warrants more invasive approaches for biopsy
You will need to stop any blood thinning drugs (e.g. warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel) and painkillers such as ibuprofen
May be offered gas and air to help you relax
Iron tablets must be stopped a week before because they make your bowel black and therefore makes it more difficult to clearly see inside
Used to detected irritated and swollen tissue, ulcers or growths
Strong laxatives will be given the day or evening before the procedure to clear the bowels. It is usually given as a powder that is mixed with water
Drink plenty of clear fluids (water, squash, black tea or coffee)
Eat low fibre foods for a couple days before procedure and then switch to only clear fluids the day before
A narrow, flexible tube with a camera is inserted through your bottom used to look at your large bowel

Patient to lie on their back with a pillow between their legs to keep their hip in the correct position. Large dress on leg to protect the wound
Remove operative stitches with post operative ones to ensure better healing. Strictly using aseptic techniques to minimise infection
Get the patient on their feet at least an hour after they operation to improve blood circulation. Administer analgesia if patient is in pain
Start physiotherapy within 2hrs post operation to promote better recover

Ask the patient how much they would like to know and ask if they have any concerns
Give the patients the results
Give patient an opportunity to tell you what they understand from what has been discussed
Remember to ask patient if they would want anyone present with them before delivering any bad news
Warn patient by telling them "unfortunately, I do not have good news" addressing the results
Offer leaflets and/or nhs website for more patient information, and that the patient can contact me for any further information
Show empathy and apologise. State that you understand it must be a shock to have received before moving on to what would be next (surgery/counselling)

Recommended that someone stays with you over night
Will take approximately 45 minutes for swallow reflex to return before resuming eating and drinking as normal
You will be able to go to work after the test
No need for a relative or friend to collect you/transport you
Can go home immediately
You will be able to drive yourself home

Rest for remainder of the day, gently moving around the house to help blood circulation and help prevent blood clots
As it is a day surgery, no side effects are expected. If any reported, to seek medical assistance straight away
If general anaesthesia was used, it may take up to 24hrs to clear. A responsible adult should remain with the patient for 24hrs after the procedure
Follow up appointment at outpatients, to be seen by a doctor about 2 weeks after your operation. Check wound at remove stitches if necessary
Return to work is dependent on the type of work that the patient does, but generally, 1-2 weeks
Light refreshments will be offered when the patient feels less drowsy. They can eat and drink normally after that

It can appear as a swelling or lump in your groin, or as an enlarged scrotum (the pouch containing the testicles). The swelling may be painful
The lump often appears when you're lifting something and disappears when you lie down
Type of surgery where a damaged hip joint is replaced with an artificial one (known as an implant)
Occurs when an internal part of the body pushes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding tissue wall

Emphasize the risks of refusing the procedure (e.g. strangulation, death etc.)
Ask the patient why and reassure the patient (routine procedure, minor procedure etc.)
Conduct a mental heath test to reassess the patient's capacity
Show empathy

Bleeding
Infections
Permanent lump due to the ballooning effect cause by air that fills the space post surgery
DVT and/or PE
There is a chance that recurrence will happen, and will need to repeat surgery
Injury to surrounding tissue