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6. Which of the following statements regarding an ECG is incorrect?

  • Leads v3 and v4 are known as anterior leads
  • Shows the sound waves, which evaluate valve abnormalities
  • Illustrates the depolarisation wave movement with each heart beat (wave of positive charge)
  • Leads I, aVL, v5 and v6 are lateral leads
  • Leads II, III and aVF are inferior leads
  • Leads v1 and v2 are considered as septal leads

7. Which investigation may assess left ventricular function, as well as myocardial perfusion at rest and exercise?

  • CXR
  • Cardiac Catheterisation
  • MRI
  • Radionuclide studies
  • CT

8. Which of the following statements are untrue about Diastolic murmur?

  • Best heard at the left sternal edge, with the patient leaning forward in held expiration
  • Mid-diastolic murmurs are usually caused by mitral stenosis, which is best heard at the apex with the bell of a stethoscope, where the patient is positioned on to their left
  • A murmur of a tricuspid stenosis is rare but similar to that of mitral stenosis
  • Commonly associated murmur is caused from pulmonary regurgitation
  • The typical associated murmur is caused from aortic regurgitation

9. Which of the following is incorrect, regarding the axis of the heart?

  • -150⁰C signals left axis deviation
  • -30⁰C signals a normal electrical axis
  • LAD can be caused by right ventricular damage
  • -90⁰C signals right axis deviation
  • RAD can be caused by right ventricular hypertrophies
  • RAD can be caused by left ventricular damage
  • LAD can be caused by left ventricular hypertrophies

10. What is cTnT used to detect?

  • In patients with signs of anaemia
  • In patients with acute chest pain, to investigate myocardial injury or infarction
  • In patients with possible connective tissue disorders
  • In patients who require a safe guide for the use of antiplatelet therapies and coagulation

11. Which of the following are true regarding S3 sounds?

  • Is a normal heart sound, and is found only in pregnant woman as normal physiology
  • Is an abnormal heart sound, as is almost always associated with Atrial fibrillation
  • Can be normal or abnormal (dependent on age and pathology)
  • Is a sound that cannot be heard, but is known by the fact that it delays S1 significantly, almost like a 'gap'

12. On chest inspection, which of the following do not correspond as a possible/likely reason for a scar?

  • Coronary bypass surgery
  • Mitral valvotomy
  • Transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation

13. Which statement is true about normal heart sounds?

  • S4 is when the Mitral valve and the Tricuspid valve close
  • There are four normal heart sounds
  • S1 is the atrioventricular heart valves closing (systole)
  • S2 is the semilunar heart valves closing (diastole)
  • S3 is when the part of the atrioventricular heart valves close

14. On chest inspection, which of the following do not correspond as a possible/likely reason for a midline sternotomy scar?

  • Mitral valvotomy
  • Valve replacement
  • Coronary bypass surgery

15. Which of the following is correct, regarding the axis of the heart?

  • -60⁰C signals a normal electrical axis
  • 60⁰C signals LAD
  • -120⁰C signals an extreme axis deviation
  • -150⁰C signals RAD

16. What investigation out of the options would you find helpful in assessing/gaining knowledge about valvular vegetation in infective endocarditis?

  • BP
  • CXR
  • CT
  • ECHO
  • ECG
  • MRI
  • CBC

17. Which of the following is untrue about S4 sounds

  • S4 sounds always occur after S3 sounds, which makes it very esy to distinguish if present
  • Is always associated with atrial fibrillation
  • Very common heart sound and can be normal for patients under the age of 40
  • Very high pitched sound heard best with the diaphragm of a stethoscope at the ERB's point

18. Which investigation may indicate a thoracic aneurysm when a widened mediastinum is present?

  • Lipid profile
  • ESR
  • FBC
  • BP
  • cTn1
  • LFT
  • MRI
  • CT
  • U+E
  • CXR
  • ECG
  • ECHO
  • Blood glucose

19. S1 abnormalities: Which of the following statements is incorrect?

  • Increased cardiac output in loud heart sound intensity
  • Atrial fibrillation in variable heart sound intensity
  • Large stroke volume in loud heart sound intensity
  • Mitral stenosis in loud heart sound intensity
  • Short P-R interval in loud heart sound intensity
  • Poor left ventricular function in quiet heart sound intensity
  • Complete heart block in variable heart sound intensity
  • Left bundle branch block in variable heart sound intensity
  • Extrasystoles in variable heart sound intensity
  • Low cardiac output in quiet heart sound intensity
  • First degree heart block in quiet heart sound intensity
  • Rheumatic mitral regurgitation in quiet heart sound intensity
  • Atrial myxoma (although rare) in loud heart sound intensity

20. Which of the following is not a cause of a Pansystolic murmur?

  • Mitral regurgitation
  • ASD
  • Leaking mitral or tricuspid prothesis
  • VSD
  • Tricuspid regurgitation