child psychology

In regards to intelligence in children, what was Horns view of intelligence?

fluid intelliegence is higher in teens, whereas crystalize intelligence is higher in adults

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what biological factors could affect intelligence?

individual differences in intelligence tend to cluser in families, which suggests a number of factors may influence intellligence including; environmnet similarities, cultural transmission, social interactions between familiy memebers and genes

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what biological factors can affect intelligence?

premature babies that were breastfed had higher cognitive skills. Heavy users of cannabis during third trimester of pregnacy correlates low with IQ. Maternal stress has been linked to low IQ a the release of higher levels of cortisol

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What was the aim of Van Leeuwen study?

investigate the biological factors and environmental factors affecting intelligence using twins and parents

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What was the procedure of Van Leeuwen's study?

MRI scans, cheek swabs and cognitive testing and data collection took place. Paretns were asked to complete Ravens Progressive Matrices

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What was a conclusion of Van Leeuwen's study?

variability in fluid intelligence is explained by genetic effects that are passed from parents to children. Individual differences in intelligence are largely accounted for by genetic differences.

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What is Ravens Progressive Matrices, and how is it a method of assessing intelligence?

Particpants have to work out the anwer to the probelm using the information presented in the martix. teh test gives particpants some information and an incomplete, picture that they must complete, designed for fluifd intelligence

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what are the 3 matrices?

Colour progessive matrices: children 4-7. Standard progressive matrices: children 7-18. Advanced progressive matrices: adults 18+

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what does Piaget state about cognitive development in children and the impact of this on education?

cognitive development occurs through gaining of and updating of schemata, each individual has a different schemata, due to peoples different experiences. A new experience leads to a new schema in order to organise new information.

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what did vygotsky say about cognitve development in children and the impact of this on education?

believed that cognitive development was affected by culture and language, this was something that occured through social interactions. He also stated taht children have a zone of proximal development. They learn through a knowledgeable other.

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Explain the aim of Wood et al

examine some major implications of the interactive, instructional relationship between the developing child and their tutor

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Explain the procedure of Wood et al

tutor tailored her behaviour to the needs of each individual child whilst trying to stick as closely to a standardised procedure at possible to help researchers to make meaningful comparisons, tutors reassembled blocks and let the child copy

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Explain a conclusion from Wood et al

as age increases so deos the ability to solve problems and deal with more complex sequences of actions, also more likely to accept advice from tutors

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Explain how mnemonics can be applied as a stratgey to improve revision/ learning

a technique which helps children to improve their memory when they need to be able to recall large amounts of unfamiliar infromation. They rely on making links between familiar information that is easy for us to recall cuing our memories.

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Explain how structural mnemonics work?

Quick process, of which is recalling the object and what piece of information it is linked to it should make recalling the information easier. For example, Acronyms (PEE)

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Explain how Phonemic mnemonics work?

is where information is processed according to the way it sounds, by using rhymes or songs. For example 'I before E, except after C'

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Expalin how Semantic mmnemonics work?

involves rehearsing information and is therefore a lot more effort and takes more time than the other forms of processing, this is a deeper form of processing

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What is the effectiveness of mnemonics?

they help us to break complex information into more managable chunks which we find easier to learn. Therefore, the use of mnemonics in education have limited application as their usefulness is dependant on thte type that the child is trying to learn

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Regarding development of attachment in babies, what are the three types of attachment?

Secure attachment: responds in sensitive and loving manner. Insecure avoidant attachment: responds in an insensitive and rejecting manner. Insecure resistant attachment: exerts own needs over childs. Insecure disorganised attachement: own trauma

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What are the impacts of failing to deveolp attachments?

can impact on their personalities, Bowlby suggests this can be the caus eof delinquent behaviour and some mental health disorders, can also lead to difficulty making friends, higher levels of aggression and low self-esteem, weaker cognitive skillls.

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What was the aim of Ainsworth and Bell?

investigate attachemnt and exploration behaviours in babies using the strnage situation

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what was the procedure of Ainsworth and Bell?

mum carried baby into room with the observer, mum puts baby down, stranger enters the room and speaks to mum, mum leaves, mum then re enters after 3 min, stranger leaves, once baby is playing mum leaves, baby is alone 4 3 min, stranger enters 4 3 min

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outline one conclusion form the study

presence of the mother encourages the baby to explore strange situations rather than vaoiding them, absence of the mother heightens attachment behaviour and lessens exploration of strange situations. Attachment behaviour may lessen or disappear

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explain one strategy to develop attachment friemdly environment

the more time a child is in child care, the more aggressive the child, children in full time care were 3 times more lilely to show behaviour problems than those cared for by parents, children do benefit from childcare, especially at a young age.

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child psychology

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