Chemistry C10 (Using Resources)

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what do humans use the earth's resources to provide?
warmth, shelter, food and transport
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what do natural resources supplemented by agriculture provide?
food, timber, clothing and fuels
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what is processed to provide energy and materials?
finite resources from the Earth, oceans and atmosphere
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for humans, what should water have low levels of?
dissolved salts and microbes
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what is potable water?
water that is safe to drink
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is potable water pure and why is it/not pure?
not pure as it contains dissolved substanceswhat do the methods used to produce potable water depend on?
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what do the methods used to produce potable water depend on?
available supplies of water and the local conditions
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in the Uk, what provides water with low levels of dissolved substances (fresh water) ?
rain
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how is the most potable water produced? (3 steps)
choosing an appropriate source of fresh water, passing the water through filter beds,then sterilising
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what are 3 examples of sterilising agents used for potable water?
chlorine, ozone, UV light
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what may have to be done if supplies of fresh water are limited?
desalination of salty/sea water
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what are the ways desalination can be done?
distillation, or by processes that use membranes like reverse osmosis
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what do these processes require?
large amounts of energy
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what are the causes of producing large amounts of waste water?
urban lifestyles and industrial processes
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what does sewage and agricultural waste water require the removal of?
organic matter and harmful microbes
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what does industrial waste water require the removal of?
organic matter and harmful chemicals
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what are the 4 steps that sewage treatment involves?
screening and grit removal, sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent, anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, aerobic biological treatment of effluent
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what type of ores are becoming scarce?
copper ores
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what are the 2 new ways of extracting copper from low-grade ores?
phytomining and bioleaching
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what do these methods avoid?
traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock
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what is phytomining?
a method that uses plants to absorb metal compounds. The plants are harvested and then buried to produce ash that contains metal compounds
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what is bioleaching?
a method that uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds
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what are 2 ways in which copper can be obtained from solutions of copper compounds?
by displacement using scrap iron or by electrolysis
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what can the use of by easily quantified?
water, resources, energy sources and production of some wastes
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why is LCA not a purely objective process for pollutants?
hard to allocate numerical values and requires value judgements
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what does the reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end users reduce?
the use of limited resources, energy sources and waste and environmental impact
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what are produced from limited raw materials?
metals, glass, building materials, clay ceramics and most plastics
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what methods to obtain raw material from the Earth can have environmental impacts?
quarrying and mining
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what product can be reused?
glass bottles
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what happens to glass bottles to make different glass products?
they're crushed and melted
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how can metals be recycled?
by melting and recasting or reforming into different products
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what does the amount of separation required for recycling depend on?
the material and the properties required of the final product
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what is an example of this?
some scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace to reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore.
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what is corrosion?
the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances from the environment
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what is an example of corrosion?
rusting
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what is needed for iron to rust?
air (oxygen) and water
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how can corrosion be prevented?
by applying a coating that acts as a barrier
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what are the 3 ways you can do this?
greasing, painting or electroplating
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what metal has an oxide coating that protects it from further corrosion?
aluminium
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why are some coatings reactive?
as they contain a more reactive metal to provide sacrificial protection
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what is an example of sacrificial protection?
zinc is used to galvanise iron
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what is the Haber process used to manufacture? (give name and symbol)
ammonia, NH3
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what can ammonia be used to produce?
nitrogen-based fertilisers
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what are the raw materials for the Haber process?
nitrogen and hydrogen
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what is a source for nitrogen and a source for hydrogen?
nitrogen, the air and for hydrogen, natural gas
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what are the purified gases passed over?
a catalyst of iron
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at what temperature?
about 450 deg/C
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at what pressure?
about 200 atmospheres
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what is this reaction?
reversible
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so what happens due to this?
some of the ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen
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what 3 compounds of elements are used as fertilisers to improve agricultural productivity?
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
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what type of fertiliser contains compounds of all 3 elements?
NPK fertilisers
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what are NPK fertilisers?
formulations of various salts containing appropriate %s of the elements
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what can ammonia be used to manufacture?
ammonium salts and nitric acid
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what 3 things are obtained by mining?
potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, phosphate rock
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which one cannot be used directly as a fertiliser?
phosphate rock
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what is phosphate rock treated with to make soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers?
nitric or sulfuric acid
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what is produced when phosphate rock reacts with nitric acid?
Calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid (which is neutralised with ammonia to make ammonium phosphate)
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what is produced when phosphate rock reacts with sulfuric acid?
Single superphosphate (a mixture of calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate)
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what is produced when phosphate rock reacts with phosphoric acid?
Triple superphosphate (calcium phosphate)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what do natural resources supplemented by agriculture provide?

Back

food, timber, clothing and fuels

Card 3

Front

what is processed to provide energy and materials?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

for humans, what should water have low levels of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is potable water?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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