Chemical Changes

Metal Oxides

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When metals react with oxygen what do they form?

Metal oxide

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Complete the equation: magnesium + oxygen ->

magnesium oxide

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Define reduction:

This is when oxygen is removed from a compound during a reaction

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Give an example of reduction:

Metal oxides reacting with hydrogen, extracting low reactivity metals

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Define oxidation:

This is when oxygen is gained by a compound during a reaction

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Give an example of oxidation:

Metals reacting with oxygen, rusting of iron

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The reactivity series

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When metals react what do they form?

Positive ions

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How is the reactivity series arranged?

Arranges metals in order of their reactivity (their tendency to form positive ions)

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What are the 2 non-metal is the reactivity series?

Carbon and hydrogen

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Why are Carbon and hydrogen included in the reactivity series?

They can be used to extract some metals from their ores, depending on their reactivity

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Define displacement:

A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a compound

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What is the order of the reactivity series?

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Carbon, Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, Hydrogen, Copper, Silver, Gold and Platinum

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What is the rhyme for the order of the reactivity series?

Please Stop Calling Me A Careless Zebra Instead Try Learning How Copper Saves Gold

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For group 1 metals, what is the trend down the group when they react with water?

Reactions get more vigorous as you go down the group

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For group 2 metals, what is happens when they react with water?

Do not react with water

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For zinc, iron and copper, what is happens when they react with water?

Do not react with water

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For group 1 metals, what is the trend down the group when they react with acid?

Reactions get more vigorous as you go down the group

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For group 2 metals, what can you see when they react with acid?

Observable reactions include fizzing and temperature increases

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For zinc, iron and copper, what happens when they react with acid?

Zinc and iron react slowly with acid. Copper does not react with acid

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Extraction of metals and reduction

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Give 1 example of an unreactive metal, where it is found and how it can be extracted:

Gold- found in the earth as the metal itself, and can be mined from the ground

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Metals less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their...

their oxides by reduction

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Give an example of an extraction using carbon (equation)

zinc oxide + carbon -> zinc + carbon dioxide

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Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons

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What does oxidation mean in terms of electrons?

Loss of electrons

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What does reduction mean in terms of electrons?

Gain of electrons

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Reaction of acids with metals

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What do acid react with?

Some metals to produce salts and hydrogen

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What are reactions between metals and acids?

Redox reactions

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Why are reactions between metals and acids redox reactions?

As the metal donates electrons to the hydrogen ions. This displaces hydrogen as a gas while the metal ions are left in the solution

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Magnesium + hydrochloric acid-->

magnesium chloride+ hydrogen

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Zinc + sulfuric acid-->

zinc sulfate + hydrogen

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Neutralisation of acids and salt production

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What are acid neutralized by?

Alkalis and bases to proud salts and water

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What is an alkali?

A soluble base e.g. metal hydroxide.

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What is a base?

A substance that neutralizes an acid e.g. a soluble metal hydroxide or a metal oxide

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What is hydrochloric acid salt name?

Chloride

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What is sulfuric acid salt name?

Sulfate

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What is nitric acid salt name?

Nitrate

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What does the particular salt produced in any reaction between an acid and a base or alkali depend on?

The acid use, The positive ions in the base or alkali

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Soluble salts

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How can soluble salts be made?

By reacting acids with solid insoluble substances (e.g. metals, metal oxides, hydroxides and carbonates)

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What happens when soluble salts are made?

The solid is added to the acid until no more reacts and the excess sold is filtered off to produce a solution of the salts

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How can slat solutions produce solid salts?

By being crystallized

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The pH scale and neutralisation

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What do acid produce in a aqueous solution?

Produce hydrogen ions (H+)

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What does a aqueous solution of alkalis contain?

Hydroxide ions (OH-)

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What does a pH probe or a universal indicator do?

Measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution against the pH scale

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What happens in neutralisation reactions?

Hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to produce water

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What can a neutralisation reactions be represented by?

H+ + OH- --> H2O

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Strong and weak acids

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Strong acid are...

completely ionised in aqueous solutions

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What are examples of strong acids?

hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric acids

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Weak acid are...

only partially ionised in aqueous solutions

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What are examples of weak acids?

ethanoic acid, citric acid

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When a hydrogen ion concentration what happens?

As the pH decreases by one unit (becoming a stronger acid), the hydrogen ion concentration increases by a factor of 10

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Chemical Changes

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