Cells & Cellular Organisation

Microscopes

Is an instrument which is used to see objects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Example: Palisade leaf cell.

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Light Microscopes

is a microscope which uses a beam of light energy and a series of lenses.

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Electron Microscopes

is a microscope which uses a beam of electrons and a series of electromagnetic lenses.

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Magnification

Is the process of enlarging an object in appearance but not in physical size.

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Resolution

is the minimum distance where 2 organelles or components in a cell can be seen as separate. this depends on the type of radiation used and wavelength.

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Artefacts

The distortion to the specimen when it undergoes severe sample preparation, staining and cutting.

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Vacuum

Is a medium which does not consist of any air particles.

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Eukaryotes

Are organisms which consist of membrane-bound organelles and are made up of eukaryotic cells. Example: nucleus.

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Prokaryotes

Are organisms which do not contain any membrane-bound organelles and are made up of prokaryotic cells.

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Mitochondrion

A rod-shaped organelle, this is where respiration takes place and releases ATP.

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Nucleus

Is spherical in shape, holds the genetic information of the cell (genes).

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Nucleolus

Is found within the nucleus, consists of dense chromatin and produces ribosomes.

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Chromatin

Fine DNA strands which are joined with histone proteins in the nucleolus.

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Centrioles

A ring of nine microtubules (which are triplets), form spindle fibres which are important in cell division regarding chromosome movement.

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Cytoskeleton

Is a supporting framework of microfilaments and microtubules found in the cytoplasm. Helps to keep the organelles in place in the cytoplasm and helps in cell movement and support.

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Microfilaments

Are protein fibres which include myosin and actin (involved in muscle contractions)

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Microtubules

Are protein tubes made up of tubulin (involved in cell movement)

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sER

Is the site for lipids and carbohydrate synthesis and transport. There are no ribosomes on the surface of the cisternae.

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rER

Site for protein synthesis and there are loads of ribosomes attached to the cisternae.

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Golgi Apparatus

Where proteins are modified, sorted, processed and packaged into vesicles. is described as a processing centre.

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Lysosomes

Are spherical organelles which consist of hydrolytic enzymes for destroying unwanted organelles and important in cell death(apoptosis)

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Vesicles

Are fluid-filled sacs found in the cytoplasm and are surrounded by a cell membrane. Are present in the Golgi apparatus.

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Protoplasm

The term used when describing the cytoplasm and cell membrane.Found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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Plasmid

A bacterial loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells (not a permanent feature)

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Nucleoid

A strand of DNA which is circular found floating in the cytoplasm.

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Mesosome

A piece of cell membrane found in prokaryotic cells and is the site for respiration (not permanent feature)

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Flagellum

Is a tail extending from prokaryotic cells. Is important for moving the entire cell.

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Multi-cellular

Organisms which are made up of many cells, have a large internal volume compared to surface area. Example: Animals and Humans.

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Uni-cellular

Organisms which are single-celled only, have a small internal volume compared to surface area. Example: Bacteria.

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Cell

The basic unit of life and the building block of organisms.

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Tissue

A group of similar cells combined together for a particular function. Example: Muscle

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Organ

A group of different tissues combined together. Example: heart and lungs.

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Organ System

Where different organs work together for a similar and specific function. Example: veins, arteries and the heart are part of the circulatory system.

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Epithelial tissue

A group of similar cells (epithelial) that cover and line all body surfaces.

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Connective tissue

Is tissue that supports the body and provides strength. Example: Bone tissues and cartilage.

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Cartilage

Is a type of connective tissue - which provides support to the joints, nose and ears. is made up of collagen (fibrous protein).

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Apoptosis

Is programmed cell-death and involves lysosomes. The name given to the process where unwanted and damaged cells are destroyed to maintain a healthy body.

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Intracellular

Refers to within the cell.

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Extracellular

Refers to the outside of the cell. Example: digestive enzymes.

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Xylem Vessels

Vessels in plants that carry water and minerals. Example: ions made up dead cells.

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Phloem Vessels

Vessels in plants that carry food substances. Example: Glucose made up of living cells.

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Stoma

The opening (gap) found between guard cells located in the lower epidermis of a leaf. Is important for gas exchange.

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Palisade Mesophyll Tissue

Consists of palisade cells which are important for absorbing light energy and there are no air spaces and is located just below the upper epidermis of a leaf.

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Strong Mesophyll Tissue

Consists of cells, there are lots of air spaces, not much palisade cells present and is important for efficient gas exchange. As, this tissue is located just above the lower epidermis (near the bottom of the leaf).

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Cells & Cellular Organisation

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