Cells Biology

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Unicellular
One cell like bacteria
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Multicellular
Many cells (e.g humans)
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Does a bacteria cell have a nucleus?
No as they are considered to be prokaryotic cells.
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Prokaryotic cells
Ribosomes are scattered in the cyptoplasm. Simplest and most ancient cells. Single celled and are reproduced quicker than E cells (more effective). Flagellum (tail) is used for movement. Cell wall surrounds plasma substance.
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(Insert picture of Prokaryotic cell)
DNA in nucleoid region. usually a single celled circular chromosome. not enclosed by membrane
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Eukaryotic cells
Larger more complicated. Singled/multicellular celled. Evolved from P.Cells (newer). Linear chromosomes. Plasma membrane.
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(Insert picture of Eukaryotic cell)
Name the differences between a Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell.
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Cellulose cell wall
Gives structure and strength
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Nucleus
Stores genetic info and controls activities of the cell.
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Cyptoplasm
Liquid gel in which chemical reactions take place
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Mitochondria
Releases energy during respiration
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Ribosomes
Makes proteins
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Cell membrane
Allows selective passage of gases,water and minerals
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Vacuole
Filled with cell sap
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Chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll
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(Insert Picture of animal cell)
Label this
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(Insert Picture of plant cell)
Label this
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What is a specialised cell?
A cell that is designed to do a particular job
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Sperm cell ( picture)
Function- To carry the fathers DNA to the egg. Specialisations- Long tail to swim to egg. Enzymes in head to find egg. Made in the male testes
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Palisade cell (picture)
Function- To carry out photosynthesis. Help plant make food. Specialistaions- Tall and large to catch more light. Contains chloroplast containing chlorophyll so it can photosynthesise
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Nerve cell ( picture)
Function- To carry nerve impulses around the body. Specialisations- Enlarged cells many branches around body. Covered in fat to prevent electrical impulses from affecting the body.
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Cilliated cell (Picture)
Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it. These hairs, called cilia, move back and forth to help move particles out of our body. We find ciliated epithelial tissue in our respiratory tract and in the fallopian tubes of
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Red blood cells (picture)
Function- carries oxygen round our bodies from lungs. Specialisations- Large surface area , haemoglobin pickes up oxygen. No nucleus makes more space for O2
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What is a stem cell?
an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type. By replacing cells
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What is an adult stem cell?
Adult stem cells are unspecialised cells that can develop into many types of cells
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what is an embryonic stem cell?
Embryonic stem cells are unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of cell
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How can you obtain stem cells from embyros?
The cells are taken from the inner cell mass of an embryo from 4- several weeks of fertilization
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Which stem cell is more useful?
Embryonic stem cells are more useful as they are pluripotent-they have the ability to become virtually any type of cell in the body.
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For: E stem cells
Can be found in embryos and may hold potential cures for immune system and genetic disorders.
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Against: E stem cells
People believe it is immoral to destroy human life.
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Name some conditions a stem cell can treat
Spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis , diabetes , cancer , alzhiemer's disease.heart disease.
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Magnifcation
Magnifications use the degree to which the size of an image is larger than the image itself
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Resolution
The smallest distance between two points that can be distinguished as 2 separate entries.
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Actual size= Image size / Magnification
Magnification= Image size / Actual size
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Why do we put petri dishes in the oven before using them?
Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilized before use to kill unwanted micro-organisms
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Cultures are incubated at a maximum of 25'c - reduces the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans
In industrial conditions, higher temperatures can produce more rapid growth.
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Incubator
A container in which temperature and humidity are controlled, used to grow micro-organisms
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Sterilise / antibiotics
Treated to kill all microbes
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Agar
A nutrient rich jelly used for growing microbes
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Auto-clave
Device which sterilises lab equipment at high temperatures
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Culture plate
A plate coated with jelly containing nutrients for the growth of micro-organisms
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Inoculating loop
Small loop of wire with a handle used to spread microbe culture on an agar plate
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Mitosis
Ordinary type of cell. Cell division happens in normal body cells splitting into 2 identical cells
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Meosis - sex cell
23 unpaired chromosomes . Join to make 46 (Offspring). Division occurs in sex cells. Each cell produced is differnet
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Chromosomes
Long strands of genetic information located in the nucleus of cells
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Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until they reach equilibrium.
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Does diffusion happen in solids?
Diffusion happens in gases and particles in solutions but not in solids as the particles are in a fixed positon.
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All living cells use diffusion to obtain raw materials for respiration (dissolved substances and gases) Removing waste products. Photosynthesis in plants
Respiration- gas exchange. In breathing, you exchange CO2 and O2 between alveoli in the lungs and blood.
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Osmosis
- It is the net movement of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane from a high to low concentration until equilibrium.
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Selectively permeable membrane
The cell membrane has very small holes in it. Small molecules can pass through, but larger ones cant.
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Dilutesolution- High concentration of water molecules
Concentrated solution- Low concentration of water molecules
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Lysis- When an animal cell swells up and bursts
Crenation- When water loss causes the cells to shrink.
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Active transport
the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
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Active transport in humans
In digestive systems, the villi in the small intestine absorb the soluble nutrients in villi reach an equilibrium with concentration in the gut.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Multicellular

Back

Many cells (e.g humans)

Card 3

Front

Does a bacteria cell have a nucleus?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Prokaryotic cells

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

(Insert picture of Prokaryotic cell)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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