Cell and Developmental Biology

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What are the steps of the cell cycle?
cell growth, chromosome duplication, chromosome segregation, cell seperation
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What can the "cell cycle" be subdivided into?
M, G1, S and G2 phases
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What features are characteristic of a cell?
genomic DNA is stored and inherited, information is transcribed into RNA, protein translation and formation of proteins that act within the cell, cell is surrounded by plasma mebrane
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General rule of prokaryotic cells
No organelles
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What does the plasma membrane consist mainly of?
Amphipatic lipids (lipids that are polar at one end and hydrophobic at the other)
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A steroid found in the membrane
Cholesterol
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How can the mobility of proteins be tested?
FRAP (Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching)
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GTP binding are what kind of proteins?
Signalling - "molecular switches"
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What do GTP-binding proteins do?
Hydrolyse their GTP (cleave off a phosphate group) resulting in an inactive state
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What are GEFs and what do they do?
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors, replace GDP+ with a fresh GTP which activates the G-protein transmitting the signal
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What are GAPs and what do they do?
GTPase-activating proteins, stimulate the GTP hydrolase activity of the G-protein
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Two other signalling proteins?
Kinases (add phosphate) and Phosphatases (remove phosphate). Alters protein conformation, e.g. enzyme activation
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What does the nuclear pore interact with?
meshwork of intermediate filaments that form the nuclear lamina
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What are the two 'chromatins' that the interphase contains? How are they packed? And are they active transcriptionally?
Heterochromatin (densely packed, transcriptionally inactive), Euchromatin (loosely organised, and is transcribed to mRNA)
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What packs the DNA strand into the nucleosome during mitosis?
Histones
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What transcribes the DNA into mRNA
Polymerase II
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Transcription and translation is separated in ............ whereas both happen in the cytosol in ..............
Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes
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Which side of the Golgi stack do proteins get delivered? And where do they get processed?
Cis side, Cisterna
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As well as acting as the trash can of the cell receiving material from the endocytic pathway, the lysosome also fuses with Autophagosomes, but what are they?
Organelles formed around defective organelles, that need degrading through autophagy
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In some specialist cells what can some lysosomes secrete, and what feature of the lysosome helps their function?
Hydrolyases, it is acidic.
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What is pinocytosis?
Uptake of liquids into a cell
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What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
Ligand binds to a receptor and complex is taken into cell
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What is Phagocytosis?
Uptake of large particles, i.e. prokaryotes
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Why is the early endosome slightly acidic?
To allow separation of ligands from receptors
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What does the endomembrane system consist of?
Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes and Early, Late & recycling endosomes
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A type of protein that can be found on transport vesicles that allow it to fuse with a target membrane, and the name of its complimentary receiving protein
v-SNARE and t-SNARE
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What helps the fusion process by "tethering" vesicles to the target membrane?
Rab-GTPases
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Three major vesicle coats?
COP1 at Golgi Vesicles, COP2 at Endoplasmic Reticulum, Clathrin at endocytic vesicles
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What are the subunits of Microfilaments, Microtubules and Intermediate filaments?
Microfilaments (G actin), Microtubules (tubulin dimers), Intermediate filaments (various tripartite proteins)
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F-actin undergoes treadmilling - what is it?
Polymerisation at "plus end" depolymerisation at "minus end"
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Microtubules are said to be "nucleated", where? and what is this called in animal cells? And what does it consist of?
Microtubule organising centres (MTOCs), Centrosome, Centrioles and pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Two microtubule motors are? Which direction do they go?
Kinesis (plus) and Dynein (minus)
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F-actin motor as? Which direction does it go?
Myosin (plus)
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What is the central cylinder of microtubules and associated proteins called?
Axoneme
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What does the Basal body do? And what does it consist of?
Consists of triplets of microtubules that anchor the flagella/cilia to the cell
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What are the steps of mitosis (in order)
Prophase Metaphase, Anaphase 1, Anaphase 2, Telophase
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What is Cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm and the generation of two cells
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Organisms involved in lipid metabolism and biosynthesis are?
Peroxisomes
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What are the 4 types of motility flagella show?
Swimming, Swarming, Twitching, Gliding
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Swimming and Swarming require what movement of the flagella?
Rotation
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Approx. 1.6 million years ago what mechanisms is thought to have formed the nuclear envelope
Invagination of the plasma membrane
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What break hydrogen bonds between cellulose microfibril and xyloglucans to allow cell expansion
Expansins
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What are Extensin and arabinogalactan
Structural proteins
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What are the 4 types of intercellular junctions?
Anchoring, Occluding, Channel-forming, Signal relaying
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What is wrong with Connexin30 mutants?
They are death, as glucose transport between neighbouring cells in cochlea is affected
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What does virus infection cause in plants?
Systematic siRNA accumulation
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What are plasmodesmata?
Regulated connections between plant cells
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What is required for tip growth?
Actin rearrangement and vesicle trafficking
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What does FRET stand for?
(Fluorescence) Resonance Energy Transfer
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What does BiFc stand for?
Biomolecular Fluorescence Complementation
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How do optical tweezers work?
Trapping objects that have a different refractive index than surrounding media
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How is order generated?
Morphogenesis
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Card 2

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What can the "cell cycle" be subdivided into?

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M, G1, S and G2 phases

Card 3

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What features are characteristic of a cell?

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Card 4

Front

General rule of prokaryotic cells

Back

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Card 5

Front

What does the plasma membrane consist mainly of?

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