Cell Structure and Organisation
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- Created by: Ellen122
- Created on: 13-03-21 18:35
Cell Structure
All living organisms are made of basic structures called cells
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Cell Theory
All new cells are formed from other pre-existing cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria lacking internal membrane bound organelles
Loop of DNA in cytoplasm
Cell walls contain murein
Smaller ribosomes
No nuclear membrane of ER
Loop of DNA in cytoplasm
Cell walls contain murein
Smaller ribosomes
No nuclear membrane of ER
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Eukaryotic Cells
Mebrane bound organelles
DNA as chromosomes in nucleus
Cell walls (when present) contain cellulose
Larger ribosomes
True membrane bound nucleus
DNA as chromosomes in nucleus
Cell walls (when present) contain cellulose
Larger ribosomes
True membrane bound nucleus
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Cell Membranes of Eukaryotic Cells
Allow separate areas of cells to be isolated so that enzymes and other potentially harmful chemicals do not damage the rest of the cell
Provide a trasnport system within the cell
Can increase the surface area for enzyme action
Provide a trasnport system within the cell
Can increase the surface area for enzyme action
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Multicellular Organisms
Contain cells that have evolved to carry out different functions within the organism.
Work together as tissues such as muscle which contains cells that perform different functions such as contraction and transmission of nerve impulses
Work together as tissues such as muscle which contains cells that perform different functions such as contraction and transmission of nerve impulses
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Tissues
Contain undifferentiated cells like parenchyma in plants. Tissues work together to form organs, these work together to form the organ systems that organisms consist of
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Cytoplasm
Matrix containing all of the different organelles
Aqueous mixture of chemicals either in solution or as colloids
Contains simple ions (sodium Na+ and chloride Cl-), organic molecules such as amino acids, ATP and sugars, and storage materials such as fat d
Aqueous mixture of chemicals either in solution or as colloids
Contains simple ions (sodium Na+ and chloride Cl-), organic molecules such as amino acids, ATP and sugars, and storage materials such as fat d
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Cell Membrane Explained
Main function is to function as a boundary between the cell and its environment - controls entry and exit
A phospholipid bilayer forms the majority of the membrane
Fluid-mosiac model proposd in 1972 by J Singer and G Nicholson
Proteins totally penetrate a
A phospholipid bilayer forms the majority of the membrane
Fluid-mosiac model proposd in 1972 by J Singer and G Nicholson
Proteins totally penetrate a
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Chloroplasts
Only found in plant cells
Bounded by a double membrane known as the chloroplast envelope
Colourless matrix called the stroma
Floating in the stroma are thylakoids these stack together to form a granum
The grana can be interconnected by tubular extensions
Bounded by a double membrane known as the chloroplast envelope
Colourless matrix called the stroma
Floating in the stroma are thylakoids these stack together to form a granum
The grana can be interconnected by tubular extensions
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Vacuole
Large fluid filled sac
Surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast
Functions as a storage sit and provides support for plant cells by creatin a pressure potential through osmosis
Surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast
Functions as a storage sit and provides support for plant cells by creatin a pressure potential through osmosis
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Cell Wall
Made of cellulose microfibrils contained in a polysaccharide matrix
Provides strength and support and provides a pathway for water to move through the plant - apoplast pathway
Provides strength and support and provides a pathway for water to move through the plant - apoplast pathway
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Plasmodesmata
Gaps in the cell wall that allow neighbouring cells to link together
Continuation of cytoplasm from cell to cell and the endoplasmic reticulum can also be linked
Continuation of cytoplasm from cell to cell and the endoplasmic reticulum can also be linked
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Nucleus
Controls the cell's activities and contains a cytoplasm like substancee called nucleoplasm
DNA is bound to proteins and is called chromatin which condences to form the chromosomes during cell division
Within the nucleus are 1 or 2 bodies each called a nuc
DNA is bound to proteins and is called chromatin which condences to form the chromosomes during cell division
Within the nucleus are 1 or 2 bodies each called a nuc
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Mitochondria
Formed from 2 membranes separated by a narrow inter-membrane space
Inner membrane is folded to increase its surface area into extensions called cristae
Biochemical reactions of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria and they release chemical e
Inner membrane is folded to increase its surface area into extensions called cristae
Biochemical reactions of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria and they release chemical e
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Golgi Body
Named after Camillo Golgi
Similar structure to smooth ER but more compact
Collection of flattened membrane sacs that are constantly forming on one side and budding off as vesicles on the other side
Similar structure to smooth ER but more compact
Collection of flattened membrane sacs that are constantly forming on one side and budding off as vesicles on the other side
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Golgi Body Functions
Package proteins for secretion
Secrete carbohydrates
Produce glycoproteins by combining proteins and carbohydrates
Transport and store lipids
Form Lysosomes
Secrete carbohydrates
Produce glycoproteins by combining proteins and carbohydrates
Transport and store lipids
Form Lysosomes
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Lysosomes
Contain and isolate digestive enzymes they are needed to prevent the rest of the cell being digested by these enzymes
Several lysosomes may empty their contents into one membrane lined vacuole containing a worn out organelles
Several lysosomes may empty their contents into one membrane lined vacuole containing a worn out organelles
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Centrioles
Arise from a region in the cytoplasm called the centrosome and consist of 2 hollow cylinders
At cell division they migrate to opposite poles of the cell and produce the microtubules of the spindles that pull chromosomes apart
At cell division they migrate to opposite poles of the cell and produce the microtubules of the spindles that pull chromosomes apart
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
An elaborate system of membrane bound sacs (cisternae)
Often continuous with the nuclear envelope and the golgi body
Often continuous with the nuclear envelope and the golgi body
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has ribosomes lining it
Involved with protein synthesis and as a transport system
Involved with protein synthesis and as a transport system
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lacks ribosomes
Involved with the synthesis and transport of lipids
Involved with the synthesis and transport of lipids
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Ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesis
Move molecules of mRNA and read the nucleotide code to produce proteins
Ribosomes are made of rRNA produced by the nucleolus and protein
Consist of one large and one small sub-unit
Move molecules of mRNA and read the nucleotide code to produce proteins
Ribosomes are made of rRNA produced by the nucleolus and protein
Consist of one large and one small sub-unit
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Animal Cells
No cell wall
Small, temporary vacuoles
No chlorplasts
Produce centrioles during cell division
Small, temporary vacuoles
No chlorplasts
Produce centrioles during cell division
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Plant Cells
Cell wall made of cellulose
Large, permanent vacuole
Photosynthetic cells contain chloroplasts
No centrioles produced during cell divison
Large, permanent vacuole
Photosynthetic cells contain chloroplasts
No centrioles produced during cell divison
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Viruses
Sometims described as non cells
Measured in nm
Require an electron microscope to be seen
Contain no organelles
Only consist of a protein coat known as capsid and genetic material which may be RNA or DNA
Measured in nm
Require an electron microscope to be seen
Contain no organelles
Only consist of a protein coat known as capsid and genetic material which may be RNA or DNA
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How do Viruses Infect?
Attach to proteins on host cell membranes and inject their nucleic acids into the cell
Commandeer the host cell and instruct it to contruct new virus particles
Pathogens as they require a host cell to reproduce
Commandeer the host cell and instruct it to contruct new virus particles
Pathogens as they require a host cell to reproduce
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Examples of Viruses
Influenza viruses named after the proteins that they attach to on the host cell membranes such as H5N1 and H1N1
Bacteriophages which parasite bacteria
Bacteriophages which parasite bacteria
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HIV Infection
Viral RNA is translated to produce Reverse Transcriptase enzyme
Reverse transcriptase produces single stranded DNA from viral RNA
Cellular DNA polymerase makes double stranded DNA from single stranded DNA
DNA copied from viral DNA is incorporated into the
Reverse transcriptase produces single stranded DNA from viral RNA
Cellular DNA polymerase makes double stranded DNA from single stranded DNA
DNA copied from viral DNA is incorporated into the
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Nucleas Explained
Controls the cell by containing the genetic code needed to make the proteins that cells produce
Code is stored as genes on the chromosomes contained with the double nuclear membrane
Membrane is porous to allow the exit of mRNA produced during transcriptio
Code is stored as genes on the chromosomes contained with the double nuclear membrane
Membrane is porous to allow the exit of mRNA produced during transcriptio
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Hierarchies in Biology
Atoms join together to form molecules
Molecules join together to form macromolecules
Organelles are made of molecules and macromolecules
Cells are made up of organelles
Cell aggregate into tissue
Tissues form organs
Organs work together to form organs sy
Molecules join together to form macromolecules
Organelles are made of molecules and macromolecules
Cells are made up of organelles
Cell aggregate into tissue
Tissues form organs
Organs work together to form organs sy
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Ciliated Epithelium
Microscopic hairlike projections constantly moving in a wave-like motion
Line all the air passages down to the lungs
Stop lung damage
Hair sweeps the mucus away to be swallowed
Line all the air passages down to the lungs
Stop lung damage
Hair sweeps the mucus away to be swallowed
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Cuboid Epithelium
Shaped like a cuboid
Made up of multiple cell layers
Make up the tissue
Can change shape when the organ is filled with fluid
Relax or stretch the top layer
Found in urianary tract
Made up of multiple cell layers
Make up the tissue
Can change shape when the organ is filled with fluid
Relax or stretch the top layer
Found in urianary tract
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Striated
Comprised of two types of tissue, skeletal and cardiac muscle
Bound togetherr by vascular connective tissue
Produce powerful, rapid contractions
Used to move the skeleton
Type of muscle tissue that repeats
Bound togetherr by vascular connective tissue
Produce powerful, rapid contractions
Used to move the skeleton
Type of muscle tissue that repeats
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
Used by various systems to provide pressure to vessels and organs - through contractions and relaxtions
Composed of sheets/strands of smooth muscle cells
Wall of hollow organs such as intestines
Have fibres of actin and myosin
Composed of sheets/strands of smooth muscle cells
Wall of hollow organs such as intestines
Have fibres of actin and myosin
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Connective Tissue
A pathway by which blood vessels and nerves reach all parts of the body
Supports body and fights infection
Has a spongy structure and stores H2O, glucose and salt
Supports body and fights infection
Has a spongy structure and stores H2O, glucose and salt
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Cell Theory
Back
All new cells are formed from other pre-existing cells
Card 3
Front
Prokaryotic Cells
Back
Card 4
Front
Eukaryotic Cells
Back
Card 5
Front
Cell Membranes of Eukaryotic Cells
Back
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