Cell division, cell diversity and cell differentiation

?
what are the two checkpoints in the cell cyle?
s phase and m phase
1 of 64
what is the purpose of checkpoints?
to prevent uncontrolled division that would lead to tumours
2 of 64
what are the four phases of interphase?
G0, G1, S, G2
3 of 64
What happens in G0?
a resting phase triggered by a checkpoint chemical
4 of 64
what happens in G1?
the checkpoint ensures that the cell is ready to enter the s phase and begin DNA synthesis. organelles duplicate and transcription of genes to make RNA occurs
5 of 64
what happens in S phase?
the cellls DNA is replicated so each chromosome is double stranded
6 of 64
what happens in G2 ?
a checkpoint for making chromosomes condense and formation of spindle fibres. repairs damage to DNA
7 of 64
What happens in mitosis?
nuclear division
8 of 64
what are the three reasons for mitosis?
asexual repduction, growth and tissue repair
9 of 64
what are the four main stages of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
10 of 64
what happens in prophase?
chromosomes condense and shorten, nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles form and spindle fibres form
11 of 64
what happens in metaphase?
chromosomes attach to spindle fibres at centromere and the fibres move the chromosomes to the equator
12 of 64
what happens in anaphase?
the centromere divides and motor proteins pull the sister chromatids in opposite directions. chromatids form a v as they are pulled by the centromere
13 of 64
what happens in telophase?
chromatids reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes
14 of 64
what happens in animal cells in cytokinesis?
the plasma membrane is pulled by the cytoskeleton and folds inwards to separate the cytoplasm
15 of 64
what happens in plant cells during cytokinesis?
end plates form at the equator new plasma membranes and cell walls forms on either side of the the end plate
16 of 64
what is the importance of meiosis?
it increases genetic variation which increases changes of survival
17 of 64
what happens in prophase 1?
The chromatin condenses and the chromosomes supercoil.The nuclear envelope dissolves and spindle fibres form from the centriole.The chromosomes come together in their homologous pairs,Each part of the pair contains two chromatids,Crossing over occurs
18 of 64
what happens in metaphase 1?
each chromosome attaches to a spindle thread by the centromere the homologous pairs are arranged randomly in indepedant assortment
19 of 64
what happens in anaphase 1?
pairs of homologoues chromosomes are pilled apart by motor proteins, the centromeres do not divide and each chromosome contains two chromatids, the chiasmata separate from each other resulting in the swapped area of chromosome and allele shuffling
20 of 64
what happens in telophase 1
two nuclear envelopes from at opposite poles each new nucleus contains half the original number of chromosomes but each chromosome consists of two chromatids. most plant cells skip from anaphase 1 to prophase 2
21 of 64
what happens is cytokinesis 1?
a reduction division occura, each cell is haploid
22 of 64
what happens in prophase 2?
chromosomes coil and condense, chromatids are no longer identical due to criossing over, spindles form
23 of 64
what happens in metaphase 2?
chromosomes attach to the equator of the spindle, the chromatids are randoml arranged, the arrangement of the chromatids will determine how the chromatids separate during anaphase
24 of 64
what happens in anaphase 2?
the centromeres divide, the chromatids are pulled apart by motor proteins and the chromatids are separated randomly
25 of 64
what happens in telophase 2?
nuclear envelope forms around each of the four haploid nuclei
26 of 64
what happens in cytokinesis 2?
cytoplasm and plasma membrane divide
27 of 64
what is the difference in cytokinesis 2 for animal and plant cells?
in animals cells, two cells form four haploid cells, in plant cells, a atetrad of haploid cells is formed
28 of 64
how does meiosis produce genetic variation?
1. crossing over shuffles alleles 2. independant assortment means that there is random distribution of chormosomes. haploid gametes are prodcued that can undergo random fusion with gametes from other organism
29 of 64
what is the need for cell differentiation and specialisation?
multi-cellular organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio so they need specialised cells to carry out specific functions
30 of 64
what do erythrocytes do?
carry oxygen form the lungs to respiring cells
31 of 64
what 4 ways are erythrocytes adapted to their function?
1 very small diameter so they have a large surface area to volume ratio 2 biconcave shape to increase SA:VOL 3. flexible to travel through capillaries 4. no main organelles
32 of 64
what three ways are neutrophils adapted for their function?
1. contain multi-lobed nucleus 2. attracted to a travel towarda infection sites 3. dunction is to injest bacteria and fungi
33 of 64
what four ways are spermatazoa adapted to function?
1. many mitochondria for aerobic respiration 2 long and thin to move easily 3. enzymes are released from acrosom to digest the ovum 4. head of the sperm contain the make haploid gamete
34 of 64
how is epithelium adapted to function
squamous epithelium and cilia
35 of 64
what four ways are palisade cells adapted for photosynthesis?
1. long and cylindrical 2 large vacuole for decreased diffusion distance 3. many chloroplasts 4. chloroplasts can move by the cytoskeleton threads based on light intensity
36 of 64
what four ways are root hair cells adapted for photosynthesis?
1. hair projections increase SA for abdorption of water 2 mineral ions are activity loaded into the cells 3. root hair cells have carrier proteins in the plasma membranes 4. cells produce ATP for active transport
37 of 64
what are the four types of tissue in the body
1. epithelial 2. connective tissue 3. muscle tissue 4 nervous tissue
38 of 64
what are the six main adaptations of epithelial tissue
fill in the blank
39 of 64
what are immature cartilage cells called?
chondroblasts
40 of 64
what are three types of cartilage?
1.Hyaline 2. Fibrous 3. elastic
41 of 64
what is the function of hyaline?
forms the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of bones in adults
42 of 64
what is the function of fibrous cartilage?
occurs in discs between vertabrae and in the knee joing
43 of 64
what is the function of elastic cartilage?
makes up the outer ear and the epiglottis
44 of 64
what is the function of muscle tissue?
allow movemtn
45 of 64
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
46 of 64
what is the function of skeletal tissue?
joined to bones by tendons, muscles contract when they move
47 of 64
what is the function of cardiac tissue?
makes up the walls of the heart and allows it to beat and pump blood
48 of 64
what is the function of smooth muscle?
occurs in the walls of the intestine and propels substances
49 of 64
what are two types of vascular tissue?
xylem and phloem
50 of 64
what is the function of xylem?
carries water and minerals from roots to all plants of the plant
51 of 64
what is the function of phloem?
transfers the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant
52 of 64
what is meristematic tissue?
contains stem cells
53 of 64
what are the properties of meristematic tissue?
1 thin walls with little cellulose 2 no chloroplasts 3 dont have large vacuole 4 can divide by mitosis
54 of 64
what happens when cambium differentiate into xylem vessels?
1. lignin is deposited in their cells walls to reinforce then 2 ends of the cells break donw so the xylem form continuous columns with wide lumen to carry water
55 of 64
what happens when cambium differentiate into phloem cells and companion cells?
1. sieve tubes lose organelles 2. companion cells retain organelles and continue metabolic functions to provide ATP for active loading of sugars
56 of 64
what is the function of the leaf?
photosynthesis
57 of 64
what are three functions of the root?
anchorage in soil, absorption of mineral ions and water and storage of carbohydrates
58 of 64
what are the five functions of the stem?
1. support 2 holds leaves up so they can get sun 3 transport water and mineral ions 4. transport products of photosynthesis 5. stores products of photosynthesis
59 of 64
what is the function of the flower?
sexual repoduction
60 of 64
what does pluripotent mean?
a stem cell can differentiate into any cell it wants
61 of 64
what is a stem cell
an undifferentiated cell
62 of 64
what are the four types of stem cells?
embryonic stem cells, umbilical cord, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells
63 of 64
what are induced pluripotent stem cells
developed in labs by reprogramming differentiated cells to become key genes and become undifferentiated
64 of 64

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is the purpose of checkpoints?

Back

to prevent uncontrolled division that would lead to tumours

Card 3

Front

what are the four phases of interphase?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happens in G0?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what happens in G1?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all Cellular processes resources »