C9 Crude Oils And Fuels.

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  • Created by: cieran_10
  • Created on: 02-02-18 18:15
What is viscosity?
It is a measure of how runny a substance is.
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What is the first stage to the creation of fossil fuels?
Layers of dead sea creatures and plants settle on the seabed.
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What is the second stage to the creation of fossil fuels?
Layers of sedimentary rock build up on top of the dead sea creatures.
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What is the third and final stage to the creation of fossil fuels?
The heat and pressure from the rocks along with the absence of oxygen means that oil and gas form over millions of years.
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What is the viscosity of crude oil?
High.
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What is the process that crude oil is separated using?
Fractional distillation.
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What is crude oil made up of?
Chains of hydrocarbons.
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What are condensed at different temperatures, in the fractional distillation of crude oil?
The hydrocarbons.
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What 6 things can crude oil be fractionated into?
Refinery gas, petrol, naptha, karosene, diesel oil ans residue.
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Give a use for refinery gas.
Fuel.
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Give a use for petrol.
To fuel cars.
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Give a use for naptha.
Chemical production.
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Give a use for karosene.
To fuel planes.
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Give a use for diesel oil.
To fuel cars.
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Give a use for residue.
Lubricants in industry.
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What is a hydrocarbon?
It is a compound made of only hydrogen and carbon.
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What makes fractional distillation different from normal distillation?
The use of a condensing column.
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What makes the different hydrocarbons, fractionate at different sections of the column? (3.)
The size of the molecules and the temperature there (it is colder at the top.)
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What size of hydrocarbon fractionate near the top of the column?
The smaller ones.
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Why is methane the simplest hydrocarbon?
As it contains only one carbon atom.
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What is the family of hydrocarbons called and what is the suffix that they all end in?
The alkanes and they all end in "ane."
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What does crude oil contain?
All of the ten alkanes.
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What is the general formula for the alkanes?
(C)n(H)2n+2.
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What do smaller alkane molecules have, in terms of boiling points?
Smaller ones.
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What, in terms of viscosity, do longer chains of hydrocarbons have?
More.
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What, in terms of flamability, do longer chains of hydrocarbons have?
Less.
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What, in terms of votality (ease to evaporate), do longer chains of hydrocarbons have?
Less.
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What, in terms of colour, do longer chains of hydrocarbons have?
A darker colour.
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What does it mean when an alkane is saturated?
It is joined by single COVALENT bonds.
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In what form must kerosene be to be lit?
A compressed gas form.
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What will ALL alkanes have and why?
The maximum number of hydorgen atoms that they can in their molecule; they are saturated.
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In what order are the alkanes fractionated (in order of highest temperature to the lowest temperature?)
Residue, petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, gasoline and refinery gas.
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What is a (branched) chain isomer?
It is a version of an alkane.
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What will a (branched) chain isomer create, in terms of fuel?
A more efficient and economic petrol, in comparison to a normal alkane.
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What is the equation for a complete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen > water + carbon dioxide.
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What is the equation for an incomplete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen > water + carbon monoxide.
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What is the formula of carbon monoxide?
CO.
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When does an incomplete combustion occur?
Whem there is a lack of oxygen/an insufficient supply of it surrouding the flame.
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What element in soot?
Carbon.
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What is soot?
A solid particulat.
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What do solid particulats cause?
Global dimming and respirtory diseases.
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What is a yellow flame a sign of?
An incomplete combustion.
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What does sulfur and oxygen react to form?
Sulfur dioxide.
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What does water and sulfur dioxide form?
H2SO3.
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What is H2SO3 the same as?
Sulfuric acid.
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What environmental issue does nitrogen contribute to, when it reacts things in the air and other things?
Acid rain.
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What happens to the crude oil before it is fractionated and why?
It is vaporised; distillation must be done using a gas and not a solid or liquid (the pervious state of the crude oil.)
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In what state (at r.t.) are ALL hydrocarbons fractionated near the bottom of the column?
Solids.
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What makes smaller hydrocarbons better as fuels?
That they burn cleaner than bigger ones, meaning they produce less carbon, which causes global dimming and respiratory diseases.
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What happens when pure hydrocarbons are burned completely? (3.)
They are oxidised into carbon dioxide and water.
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In an experiment showing the products of complete combustion, what is used to test for water?
Blue colbalt chloride paper.
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What colour does blue colbalt chloride paper turn when in contact with water?
Pink.
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Why does limewater go cloudy when carbon dixodie pases through it?
As the carbon dixode acts as a solid particulat.
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What is cracking?
When large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.
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What does steam cracking involve?
Heating a hydrocarbon mixture vapours and steam togehter at very high temperatures.
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What does catalytic crakcing involve?
Passing hydrocarbon vapours overs a hot catalyst.
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What reaction occurs during cracking and what does this do?
Thermal decomposition, this produces a mixture of smaller molecules.
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What are some of the smaller molcules?
Alkanes, if they have ten or under carbons.
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What can the other smaller moleucles be?
Alkenes.
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What is the general formula of alkenes?
(C)n(H)2n.
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What are alkenes?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons.
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What do ALL alkenes contain?
A carbon-carbon double COVALENT bond.
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What two things are alkenes used to create?
Polymers and other chemicals, such as; solvents.
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What makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes?
The carbon-carbon double COVALENT bond.
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What do alkenes reatc with to turn them from orange to colourless?
Bromine water.
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What is this reaction used to test for?
Unsaturated compounds.
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What happens when an alkane is cracked, in terms of atoms in the molecules?
They are divided into the specified alkenes.
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What is the suffix for alkenes?
"ene."
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What is the first stage to the creation of fossil fuels?

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Layers of dead sea creatures and plants settle on the seabed.

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Card 4

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What is the third and final stage to the creation of fossil fuels?

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Card 5

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What is the viscosity of crude oil?

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