What safety regulations are placed on vehicles that transport hazardous chemicals?
They are marked with hazard symbols and carry I.D. numbers to alert the emergency services of their contents in the event of a crash.
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What is required when introducing a new chemical process?
Extensive research into the logistics and safety of it.
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List the processes involved in assuring the safety of a new chemical process.
Computer modelling; trial and error; minimizing risks; monitoring qualitative impact.
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What is activation energy?
The amount of energy needed to break the bonds and begin a reaction.
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What can you add to a reaction in order to decrease the activation energy required?
A catalyst.
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What is a biocatalyst?
An enzyme that occurs naturally in nature.
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What is the benefit of decreasing activation energy?
Less energy is used up by the process; i.e. heat energy to break certain bonds.
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Do catalysts need replacing?
No; they are not used up during a reaction.
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What is the downside to using catalysts?
They require a specific pH and temperature to function; if the conditions are too hot or cold, for example, the enzyme denatures.
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List the main steps to the chemical process.
Preparation of feedstocks; chemical synthesis; separation of products; disposal of by-products and waste; monitoring purity.
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What is the atom economy?
A way of measuring efficiency, by seeing how many of the reactant atoms are present in the product (and how many are wasted). It is calculated using RFM.
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What are the 8 questions that you need to ask when assessing how "green" a chemical process is?
How good is the atom economy? Are the raw products renewable? Does the process impact the environment negatively?Are there health and safety risks? How are waste products handled? How much energy is required? Is the process profitable?
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