C4 Chemical Changes

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How is a metal oxide produced?
From a metal and oxygen reacting together.
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What is an oxidation reaction?
Gain of oxygen, loss of electrons.
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What is a reduction reaction?
Loss of oxygen, gain of electrons.
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Recite the reactivity series
Potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, carbon, zinc, iron, hydrogen, copper and gold.
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What ion do metals form?
Positive ions
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What is reactivity?
Its tendency to form positive ions.
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What is a displacement reaction?
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from a compound.
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How are unreactive metals found as in the Earth?
Found as the metal itself.
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How can metals found as metal oxides less reactive than carbon be extracted?
Using reduction with carbon.
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Acid + Alkali -->
Salt + Water
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Acid + metal -->
Salt + Hydrogen
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Acid + Carbonate -->
Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
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What is a redox reaction?
Where reduction and oxidation occur in the same reaction.
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What name will a salt made from hydrochloric acid be?
Chloride
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What name will a salt made from sulfuric acid be?
sulfate
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What name will a salt made from nitric acid be?
Nitrate
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What are the formulas for hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acid?
HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
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Why does sulfuric and nitric acid make an 'ate' but hydrochloric makes and 'ide'?
Sulfuric and Nitric have oxygen in their formula.
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Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid -->
Magneisum Chloride + Hydrogen
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Magnesium + Sulfuric acid -->
Magnesium Sulfate + Hydrogen
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Zinc + Hydrochloric acid -->
Zinc Chloride + Hydrogen
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Iron + Hydrochloric acid -->
Iron Chloride + Hydrogen
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Zinc + Sulfuric Acid -->
Zinc Sulfate + Hydrogen
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Iron + Sulfuric Acid -->
Iron Sulfate + Hydrogen
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How are acids neutralised?
By Alkalis or Bases
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What is the difference between an alkali and a base?
An alkali is soluble whereas a base is insolube.
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How can we make a soluble salt using insoluble substance...
Add the solid in excess to the acid, until no more reacts and dissolves.
Excess solid is filtered off to produce a solution of salts.
Salt solutions can be crystallised to produce solid salts.
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Acids produce what type of ions?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
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Alkalis contain what type of ions?
Hydroxide ions (OH-)
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What is the pH scale?
0-14 is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
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What can we use to measure the pH of a solution?
Universal indicator or pH probe.
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What pH will a neutral solution have?
7
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What pH will an acid have?
0-6
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What pH will an alkali have?
8-14
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During neutralisation reactions what does the H+ and OH- ions produce?
Water, H2O
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Why do we do a titration experiment?
To find out what volume of acid will neutralise 25cm3 of an alkali
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What indicator do we use in a titration reaction?
Phenolphthalein as it turns colourless in acidic/neutral solutions.
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What happens to a strong acid in aqueous solutions?
Completely ionised - examples are hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric acids.
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What happens to a weak acid in aqueous solutions?
Partially ionised in aqueous solutions - examples are ethanoic, citric and carbonic acids.
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What pH will a strong acid have?
A lower pH such as 0/1/2
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As pH decreases by one unit, what happens to the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution?
Increases by a factor of 10
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What type of compound can be used in electrolysis?
Ionic compounds as when molten or dissolved in water, the ions can move.
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What name is given to the liquids/solutions that are able to conduct electricity?
Electrolytes
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What happens when an electric current is passed through electrolytes?
Ions move to the electrodes
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Where do positive ions move to?
The negative electrode also known as the cathode.
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Where do negative ions move to?
The positive electrode, also known as the anode
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Why are they attracted to each other?
Positive and negative are attracted to each other, as opposite charges are attracted to each other.
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What happens to the ions at the electrodes?
Ions are discharged at the electrodes and produce elements.
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Where does the metal form?
Metal forms at the cathode as the metal is positively charged.
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Where does the non-metals form?
Non-metals form at the anode as the non-metal is negatively charged.
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Why would metals be extracted using electrolysis?
If a metal is too reactive to be extracted by reduction of carbon, electrolysis is used.
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What does electrolysis to extract metals require?
Large amounts of energy
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What is aluminium manufactured from during electrolysis?
A molten mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite
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Why is cryolite used in the electrolysis of aluminium oxide?
Reduces energy costs by lowering the temperature
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What ore is aluminium oxide found in?
Bauxite
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How are the electrodes during electrolysis of aluminium different to normal electrolysis?
The cathode is at the bottom and the sides of the electrolysis equipment - this means that molten aluminium forms at the bottom.
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What are electrodes made from, and what might an issue of this be?
Electrodes are made from carbon, an issue with this may be that the oxygen formed during some electrolysis may react with the carbon, forming carbon dioxide, causing the electrodes to erode, and need to be replaced regularly.
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What forms at the cathode is the metal is more reactive than hydrogen?
Hydrogen gas will form.
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If the solution contains a halide ion, what will form at the anode?
The halogen will form, if it does not contain halide ions, oxygen ill be produced.
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What type of reaction happens at the cathode?
Reduction as ions gain electrons.
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What type of reaction happens at the anode?
Oxidation as ions lose electrons.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is an oxidation reaction?

Back

Gain of oxygen, loss of electrons.

Card 3

Front

What is a reduction reaction?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Recite the reactivity series

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What ion do metals form?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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