C2 Structure and Bonding
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- Created by: MissAmbage
- Created on: 10-02-23 09:00
What are the three types of chemical bonds?
Ionic, Covalent and Metallic
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What is ionic bonding between?
A metal and non-metal
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What happens in terms of electrons in ionic bonding?
Electron is transferred from metal to non-metal, this is an electrostatic attraction.
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What happens to the metal during ionic bonding?
Metal loses electrons from outermost shell, forming a positive ion.
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What happens to the non-metal during ionic bonding?
Non-metal gains electrons to the outermost shell, forming a negative ion.
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Describe the structure of a giant ionic structure.
Structure is a lattice. Held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged electrons.
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State the properties of ionic compounds
1. high melting and boiling points - found as a solid, large amounts of energy needed to break the strong bonds.
2. When molten or dissolved in water, can conduct electricity as ions are free to move.
2. When molten or dissolved in water, can conduct electricity as ions are free to move.
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What is covalent bonding between?
2 non-metals
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What happens to electrons during covalent bonding?
Electrons are shared between the outermost shells of 2 non-metal atoms.
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Describe the bonds between atoms and molecules
Strong covalent bonds between atoms. Weak intermolecular forces between molecules.
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Describe properties of a simple molecular structure like carbon dioxide...
Low melting and boiling points - found as gases or liquids, low energy needed to change state.
Cannot conduct electricity.
Cannot conduct electricity.
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Explain why water has a higher boiling point than oxygen
The intermolecular forces increase with the size of the molecules.
Water is a larger molecule and therefore will need more energy to change its state and therefore has a higher melting and boiling points.
Water is a larger molecule and therefore will need more energy to change its state and therefore has a higher melting and boiling points.
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What bonds are overcome to change states in covalent structures?
The weak intermolecular forces are overcome.
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What is a polymer?
Very large molecules of repeating monomers. Linked together by strong covalent bonds. Intermolecular forces between polymer molecules.
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Describe the intermolecular forces bewteen polymer molecules.
They are relatively strong and therefore solids at room temp.
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Describe the properties of giant covalent structures
Solids with very high melting points - atoms are linked to other atoms by covalent bonds, and these bonds must be overcome - they are incredibly strong so will need lots of energy.
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What are 4 examples of covalent structures?
Diamond, Silicon Dioxide, Graphene, Graphite
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Describe the structure of diamond
giant covalent, 1 carbon bonds with 4 other covalent bonds.
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Describe properties of diamond
Very hard
Very high melting point
Does not conduct electricity
Very high melting point
Does not conduct electricity
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Describe the structure of graphite
Giant covalent structure.
Each carbon forms three covalent bonds with 3 carbon atoms, forming hexagonal rings.
At least 1 bond is a double bond.
1 electron from each carbon is delocalised.
In layers.
Each carbon forms three covalent bonds with 3 carbon atoms, forming hexagonal rings.
At least 1 bond is a double bond.
1 electron from each carbon is delocalised.
In layers.
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Describe the properties of graphite
High melting point
Can conduct electricity
Slippery as layers slide over each other.
Can conduct electricity
Slippery as layers slide over each other.
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What is graphene?
A single layer of graphite.
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What is graphene useful for?
In electronics and composites.
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What are fullerenes?
Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes.
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Describe the general structure of a fullerene
Hexangonal rings of carbon atoms, which may contain rings with five or seven carbon atoms.
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Describe what buckminsterfullerene is
The first fullerene to be discovered and has a spherical shape, has the structure C60.
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Describe what a nanotube is and its uses.
Cylindrical fullerenes with very high length to diameter ratios.
Useful for nanotechnology, electronics and materials.
Useful for nanotechnology, electronics and materials.
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What size should a structure be to be considered nanoscience
1-100nm in size
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Nanoparticles, are smaller than fine particles, what diameter do fine particles have?
100-2500nm
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What is a diameter of a coarse particle?
between 1x10-5m and 2.5x10-6m.
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As a side of cube decreases by a factor of 10, what happens to the surface area and volume ratio?
Increases by a factor of 10.
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Give examples for uses of nanoparticles
Use in medicine, electronics, cosmetics, sun creams, deodorants and as catalysts.
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What is metallic bonding?
The electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons, in a regular arrangement.
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Describe the electrons in a metal
Delocalised and free to move throughout the whole structure
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Describe the properties of metals
High melting and boiling point - found as solids, require lots of energy to change state.
Can conduct electricity and thermal energy easily due to delocalised electrons
Arranged in layers so can be bent/shaped (malleable)
Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
Can conduct electricity and thermal energy easily due to delocalised electrons
Arranged in layers so can be bent/shaped (malleable)
Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
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Pure metals are too soft for many uses - what solution do we have for this?
Metals can be mixed with other metals (or carbon) to make alloys - which can be harder.
This distorts the layers of atoms in the structure.
This distorts the layers of atoms in the structure.
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What are the 3 states of matter?
Solid, liquid, gas
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Name the processes of changing states
Melting (solid to liquid)
Freezing (liquid to solid)
Condensation (gas to liquid)
Evaporation (liquid to gas)
Freezing (liquid to solid)
Condensation (gas to liquid)
Evaporation (liquid to gas)
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Where does melting and freezing take place?
At the melting point.
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Where does boiling and condensing take place?
At the biling point,
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How can particles be represented?
By small solid spheres.
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What may be a limitation of a simple particle diagram?
There are no forces between particles, the particles are represented as spheres and that the spheres are solid.
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What is the state symbok for solid, liquid, gas and aqueous?
(s), (l), (g) and (aq)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is ionic bonding between?
Back
A metal and non-metal
Card 3
Front
What happens in terms of electrons in ionic bonding?
Back
Card 4
Front
What happens to the metal during ionic bonding?
Back
Card 5
Front
What happens to the non-metal during ionic bonding?
Back
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