Brain imaging techniques

?
  • Created by: anyarms
  • Created on: 11-01-23 15:50
Frontal lobotomy is
the disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain
1 of 74
this was first performed by
egas moniz in 1935
2 of 74
it is used on individuals with
psychiatric disorders
3 of 74
it was used on
40'000 US and 17'000 Uk patients
4 of 74
when
across the 1940/50s
5 of 74
the impacts it has
can have a high immediate risk to life and long term impact of impaired cognitive and social functioning
6 of 74
corpus callosotomy is
'split brain' - the left and right hemispheres are disconnected.
7 of 74
it is a treatment for
epilepsy, not used as often anymore
8 of 74
EEG stands for
electroencephalography
9 of 74
EEG measures
electrical activity of the cortex
10 of 74
it is measured in
microvoltages and records the average activity of less than 10 million neurons
11 of 74
the EEG is better for informing on
when there is electrical activity not where
12 of 74
the EEG uses
letters and numbers to record the information
13 of 74
the letters refers to
the area of the brain where the electrical activity is
14 of 74
these letters are
f for frontal, p for parietal, t for temporal, o for occipital and c for central
15 of 74
the numbers correspond to
which hemisphere of the brain the activity is in
16 of 74
odd is for
the left hemisphere
17 of 74
even is for
the right hemisphere
18 of 74
The brain waves are measured in what
Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta and spikes
19 of 74
Beta is
13-30Hz, this is widespread but mainly frontally when the patients eyes are open
20 of 74
Alpha is
8-12Hz, mainly in the occipital lobe, when the patients eyes are closed and they are relaxed
21 of 74
Theta is
4-7Hz, usually seen in young children or adults when they are sleeping
22 of 74
Delta is
0.5-4Hz, this is usually shown frontally in adults when they are sleeping and posteriorly in babies
23 of 74
The spikes identify
epilepsy
24 of 74
ERP stands for
event related potentials
25 of 74
The ERP will
identify the time aligned average and is very good for cancelling out background noise.
26 of 74
The ERP plots are
negative up
27 of 74
They are names after
the direction and time of event.
28 of 74
they are used because
the brain tends to predict what will happen next, especially in speech
29 of 74
if what the brain hears does not match up there will be
more electrical activity
30 of 74
MEG stands for
Magnetocephalography
31 of 74
MEG records
neuronal activity through magnetic fields
32 of 74
it uses SQUIDS this stands for
Superconducting quantum inference devices
33 of 74
It is good because
the magnets are sensitive and allow further activity further into the skull
34 of 74
Brodmann's map of the cortex is
a map highlighting the 52 cortical areas
35 of 74
he did this because
he was interested in the different layers, how many and the organisation and structure of the brain
36 of 74
CT stands for
Computerised Tomography
37 of 74
CT is used for
Looking at the density of the different areas of the brain
38 of 74
this is done through
a series of X-rays from different angles
39 of 74
the X-rays absorbs
the tissue density
40 of 74
this varies with each area, these being
bone absorbing the most - white
Grey and white mater - both grey and
Cerebrospinal fluid the least - black
41 of 74
contrast dye can sometimes be injected to highlight
blood vessels, when fresh this will show up as white
42 of 74
MRI stands for
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
43 of 74
MRI is used for
looking at the variable density of brain tissues
44 of 74
the brain tissues are
water density and different signals in response to magnetic pulses
45 of 74
the energy signals reveal brain structures with different molecular composition such as
white v grey mater, ventricles and tumour/brain haemorrhage
46 of 74
There are two detectors
T1 and T2
47 of 74
T1 presents
a clear anatomic picture, can see the difference between white and grey mater
48 of 74
T2 is sensitive to
intact and damage tissues
49 of 74
good for detecting
brain damage
50 of 74
fMRI stands for
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
51 of 74
fMRI looks at
blood flow detecting the changes of oxygen in the blood
52 of 74
Haemoglobin is
oxygen transporting molecule in blood
53 of 74
Oxyhaemoglobin is
oxygenated blood, through the arteries from the heart
54 of 74
Deoxyhaemoglobin is
deoxygenated blood, through the veins to the heart
55 of 74
Oxyhaemoglobin is repelled by
the magnetic field
56 of 74
Deoxyhaemoglobin is attracted to
the magnetic field
57 of 74
fMRI measures
the concentration of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin
58 of 74
this is called the
BOLD response
59 of 74
BOLD stands for
Blood Oxygen Level Dependant
60 of 74
BOLD will change over time because
of the haemodynamic response function peaking after 6 seconds
61 of 74
PET stands for
Positron Emission Tomography
62 of 74
PET measures
blood flow into the brain region
63 of 74
it does this through a
radioactive tracer injected into the blood stream
64 of 74
In brain scans this is usually
a carbon dioxide containing O15
65 of 74
The radioactive isotope of oxygen
decays quickly emitting positrons
66 of 74
the interaction of the positrons with the electrons emits
gamma radiation, which is then detected
67 of 74
advantages of PET scans
Patient does not need to keep as still, different tracers can be used for different physiological functions
68 of 74
Functional Imaging - Optical Tomography detects
the level of blood oxygenation
69 of 74
it does this through
infrared light through the scalp
70 of 74
the typical method used is
fNIRS
71 of 74
fNIRS stands for
Functional Near-Infered Spectrocopy
72 of 74
Advantages to this
better temporal resolution than fMRI, safe and non-invasive, works well on younger children
73 of 74
disadvantages to this is
the spatial resolution is limited
74 of 74

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

egas moniz in 1935

Back

this was first performed by

Card 3

Front

psychiatric disorders

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

40'000 US and 17'000 Uk patients

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

across the 1940/50s

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Other resources:

See all Other resources »See all Brain imaging techniques resources »