Biology Unit 4 Section 2 - Energy Supply

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  • Created by: Immy
  • Created on: 08-04-13 18:21
Name some biological processes that plants need energy for
Photosynthesis, active transport, DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis
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Name some biological processes that animals need energy for
Muscle contraction, maintaining body temperature, active transport, DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (Light) = C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + 6O₂
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Where is energy stored in plants until they release it by respiration?
glucose
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How do animals obtain glucose?
by eating plants
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What is aerobic respiration?
respiration using oxygen
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What is anaerobic respiration?
respiration without oxygen
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What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
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How is ATP made?
From nucleotide base adenine, combined with a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups
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How is ATP synthesised?
From ADP and inorganic phosphate, using energy from an energy-releasing reaction in which the enzyme ATP synthase catalyses the reaction
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What is ATP used for?
To carry energy around the cell to where it's needed
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Where and how is energy stored in ATP?
Stored as chemical energy in phosphate bond
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When ATP reaches the part of the cell that needs energy, what happens?
It is broken down back into ADP and inorganic phosphate. Chemical energy is released from the phosphate bond and used by the cell. ATPase catalyses the reaction.
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What properties of ATP make sure that no energy is wasted?
It stores/releases only a small, managable amount of energy at a time
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What properties of ATP mean that it can be easily transported around the cell?
It's a small and soluble molecule
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What properties of ATP mean that energy can be easily released?
It's easily broken down
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How is ATP able to transfer energy to another molecule?
By transferring one of its phosphate groups
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ATP can't pass out of the cell, why is this beneficial for the cell?
It always has an immediate supply of energy
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What is a metabolic pathway?
a series of small reactions controlled by enzymes
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What is phosphorylation?
adding phosphate to a molecule
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What is photophosphorylation?
adding phosphate to a molecule using light
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What is photolysis?
the splitting of a molecule using light energy
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What is hydrolysis?
the splitting of a molecule using water
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What is decarboxylation?
the removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule
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What is dehydrogenation?
the removal of hydrogen from a molecule
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What are redox reactions?
Reactions that involve oxidation and reduction
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What happens when something is reduced?
It gains electrons and may have gained hydrogen or lost oxygen
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What happens when something is oxidised?
It loses electrons and may have lost hydrogen or gained oxygen
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What is a coenzyme?
A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme
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How do coenzymes work?
They transfer a chemical group from one molecule to another
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How does the coenzyme NADP work in photosynthesis?
It transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another so it can reduce/oxidise a molecule
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What are chloroplasts?
Small, flattened organelles found in plant cells
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Where are the photosynthetic pigments found in chloroplasts?
In the thylakoid membranes, attached to proteins
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What is the photosystem in a chloroplast?
The protein and photosynthetic pigment
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What does the stroma contain?
enzymes, sugars and organic acids
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What are carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis and not used straight away stored as?
starch grains in the stroma
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Where does the Light-Dependent Reaction take place?
In thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts
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Where does the Light-Independent Reaction take place?
In the stroma of the chloroplast
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What is another name for the Light-Independent Reaction?
Calvin cycle
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What are electron carriers?
Proteins that transfer electrons
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What is an electron transport chain?
A chain of proteins through which excited electrons flow
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In the LDR, which photosystem absorbs light energy?
Photosystem 2
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The excited electrons from chlorophyll leave PS2, how are the electrons replaced?
Light energy splits water into proteins, electrons and oxygen
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What happens to the excited electrons as they move along the electron transport chain?
They lose energy
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What enzyme lets protons move down their concentration gradient in the stroma in the LDR?
ATP synthase
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Why is cyclic photophosphorylation different?
It only uses photosystem 1 and only produces small amounts of ATP
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What compound is regenerated in the calvin cycle?
ribulose biphosphate
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What combines with ribulose biphosphate in the calvin cycle to form 2 molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate?
carbon dioxide
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What is the name of the enzyme that catalyses the reaction between CO2 and ribulose biphosphate?
rubisco
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What 2 products of the LDR are required for the reduction of GP to triose phosphate?
ATP and reduced NADP
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How many of the 6 molecules of TP produced in the calvin cycle aren't used to make hexose sugars, and what are they used for instead?
5 to regenerate RUBP
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How are hexose sugars (carbohydrates) made?
by joining 2 TP molecules together
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How are larger carbohydrates made?
by joining hexose sugars together in different ways
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How are lipids made?
Using glycerol (synthesised from TP) and fatty acids (synthesised from GP)
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How are proteins made?
Amino acids made from GP, joined together
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How many times must the calvin cycle turn to produce 2 molecules of TP that can be used to make one hexose sugar?
6
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How many ATP and reduced NADP from the light-dependent reacting are needed for 6 turns of the calvin cycle?
18 ATP and 12 reduced NADP
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Why does photosynthesis slow down at very high temperatures?
Stomata close to avoid losing too much water so less CO2 enter the leaf
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Where abouts in the cell does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
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Is glycolysis an aerobic or anaerobic process?
anaerobic
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In glycolysis, glucose is phosphorylated by adding 2 phosphates from 2 molecules of ATP to create what?
2 molecules of TP and 2 molecules of ADP
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In glycolysis, TP is oxidised (loses hydrogen) to form what?
2 molecules of pyruvate and 4 molecules of ATP
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In oxidation in glycolysis, what does NAD become when it collects the hydrogen ions?
2 reduced NAD
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What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?
2
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Where abouts in the cell does the link reaction take place?
mitochondria matrix
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In the link reaction, one carbon atom is removed from pyruvate in the form of CO2, what is this process called?
decarboxylated
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How does pyruvate change into acetate in the link reaction?
NAD collects hydrogen from pyruvate and becomes reduced
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Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form what?
acetyl coenzyme A
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How many ATP molecules are produced in the link reaction?
none
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How many pyruvate molecules are made for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis?
2
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In anaerobic respiration, what is pyruvate converted into?
ethanol or lactate
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In anaerobic respiration, how can glycolysis continue without much oxygen?
production of ethanol/lactate regenerates NAD so a small amount of ATP can still be produced
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What is the name of the type of reactions that take place in the Krebs cycle?
oxidation-reduction
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
mitochondria matrix
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Acetyl CoA from the link reaction combines with oxaloacetate to form what 6-carbon compound?
citrate
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Citrate loses a carbon molecule in CO2 by what process, converting it to a 5C molecule?
decarboxylation
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Hydrogen is also removed from the citrate compond which is used to produce what molecule from NAD?
reduced NAD
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What do decarboxylation and dehydrogenation produce in the Krebs cycle?
one molecule of reduced FAD and two of reduced NAD
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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
When a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another
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What is citrate converted to in the Krebs cycle?
oxaloacetate
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
process where the energy carried by electrons, from reduced coenzymes (reduced NAD and reduced FAD) is used to make ATP
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Hydrogen atoms are released in oxidative phosphorylation from reduced NAD and reduced FAD, what do they split into?
protons and electrons
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What is the energy lost from the electrons along the electron transport chain used for?
electron carriers use it to pump protons from mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space
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What is an electrochemical gradient?
a concentration gradient of ions
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What enzyme allows protons to move down the electrochemical gradient back into mitochondrial matrix?
ATP synthase
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What is chemiosmosis?
movement of H+ ions across a membrane, which generates ATP
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What is said to be the final electron acceptor in the transport chain?
oxygen
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Overall, how many ATP can be made from 1 glucose molecule?
32
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Name some biological processes that animals need energy for

Back

Muscle contraction, maintaining body temperature, active transport, DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis

Card 3

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What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where is energy stored in plants until they release it by respiration?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How do animals obtain glucose?

Back

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