Biology F212 Food and Health Key words

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  • Created by: Ellen
  • Created on: 31-05-13 10:10
Balanced Diet
Contains all the nutrients required for health in appropriate proportions
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Carboydrates
Main source of energy
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Proteins
Essential for growth and repair of muscle and other body tissues
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Fats
Essential as a source of energy and are important in cell membranes, waterproofing, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and more
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Vitamins
Important roles in chemical processes taking place inside cells - some water soluble some fat soluble
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Minerals
Inorganic elements occurring in the body that are essential to its normal functions
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Water
Used in transporting substances around the body and is the main component of the body
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Fibre
Indigestible part of our food - essential for the functioning of the digestive system
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Lipoprotein
Combination of lipid, cholesterol and protein. Used to transport fats and cholesterol around the body
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High-density lipoprotein
Combination of unsaturated fats, cholesterol and protein. Carry cholesterol from body back to liver
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Low-density lipoprotein
Combination of saturated fats, cholesterol and protein. Carry cholesterol from the liver to the tissues
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Selective Breeding
Humans select the individual organisms that are allowed to breed according to chosen characteristics
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Marker assisted selection
A mechanism used by animal and plant breeders to help select individuals with the desired genotype . The desired gene is linked (marked) to a section of DNA that is easy to identify in a young individual
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Selection Pressure
An external pressure that drives evolution in a particular direction
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Cooking
Heat denatures enzymes and other proteins and kills organisms used on eggs and meat
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Pasteurising
Heating to 72ºC for 15secs and cool rapidly. It kills micro-organisms and denatures enzymes e.g Milk
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Drying
Salting or sugar coating to change the water potential. Dehydrates any microorganisms as water leaves via osmosis e.g Jam
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Smoking
Develops a hard, dry outer surface and smoke contains antibacterial chemicals e.g ham, kippers
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Pickling
Lowers the pH which kills micro-organsims by denaturing enzymes and other proteins e.g onions, eggs
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Irradiation
Treatment with gamma radiation. Kills micro-organisms by disrupting DNA structure e.g Soft fruits
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Cooling/Freezing
Retards enzyme activity so growth, metabolism and reproduction is slow e.g meet and cooked food
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Canning
Food is heated and sealed in air tight cans e.g beans
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Vacuum wrap
Air is excluded so microbes cannot respire aerobically. Prevents contamination e.g fish
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Packaging
Plastic or paper packaging prevents contamination
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Health
A state of mental, physical and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease
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Parasite
an organsim that lives in or on another living thing cause harm to its host
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Pathogen
An organism that causes disease
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The World Health Organisation
A part of the UN. The specialised agency for health. Objective is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health
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Epidemic
A disease that spreads to many people quickly and affects a large proportion of the population
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Pandemic
A disease that spreads world wide over continents
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Primary Defences
Attempt to prevent pathogens from entering the body e.g the skin (keratinised cells), mucous membranes, HCL in stomach and ciliated epithelium
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Immune response
The specific response to a pathogen which involves the action of lymphocytes and the production of antibodies
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Active immunity
Immune system is activated
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Passive Immunity
Antibodies that have not been produced by the recipient's immune system
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Artificial immunity
Deliberate exposure to antibodies or antigens
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Natural Immunity
The normal course of the living processes
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Vaccination
Provides immunity to specific diseases where antigenic material is injected into the blood stream to trigger the immune response
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Herd Vaccination
Provides immunity to almost all of the "at risk" population
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Ring Vaccination
Vaccination of all those in the vicinity of the new outbreak
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Non-Specific Immune Response
Triggered by tissue damage rather than antigens on the pathogens which cause the tissue damage. Immune system responds identically regardless of the pathogen involved
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Inflammation
Damaged cells release histamines which increase the blood flow to the tissue and activates the complement proteins which prevent the spread of pathogens
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Phagocytosis
Specific antibodies attach to pathogenic antigens. Receptors on white blood cells bind to the antibodies and pathogen is engulfed into a phagosome. Lysosomes released onto the pathogen to digest it
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Humoral response
Antibodies produced. Antigen is detected by its complementary b-lymphocyte. B-cell is activated and divides mitotically and differentiate into plasma and B-memory cells - Plasma cells produce the antibody that is complementary to the antigen
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Cell mediated response
Cells produced . Antigen is detected by complementary T-lymphocyte. T-cell activated and divides mitotically and differentiates into T-killer, T-memory and T-helper cells
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T-Killer cells
Attack and destroy the infected body cells
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T-helper cells
release cytokines to stimulate phagocytosis and B-cells
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T and B-memory cells
Provide immunological memory so that the immune response will rapidly produce both antibodies to neutralise the pathogen and T-killer cells to destroy infected host cells
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Cell signalling
the communication between cells that allows effective coordination of a response
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Lung Cancer
Symptoms: continual coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, blood coughed up in the sputum
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Atherosclerosis
The deposition of fatty substances in the walls of the arteries
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Chronic Bronchitis
Inflammation of lining of airways and damage to cilia and over production of mucous collects in lungs
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Thrombosis
Blood cannot flow smoothly past plaque. Increases the chances of a clot
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Emphysema
Loss of elasticity in the alveoli. Causes alveoli to burst
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Coronary Heart Disease
The coronary artery is narrowed by plaques and reduces blood flow to the myocardium. 3 forms - angina, myocardial infarction and heart failure
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Stroke
Death of brain tissue due to the loss of blood flow to that part of the brain. Two causes - a thrombus or a haemorrhage.
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COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - A combination of - chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma
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Epidemiology
The study of the distribution of a disease in populations, and the factors that influence its spread
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Main source of energy

Back

Carboydrates

Card 3

Front

Essential for growth and repair of muscle and other body tissues

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Essential as a source of energy and are important in cell membranes, waterproofing, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and more

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Important roles in chemical processes taking place inside cells - some water soluble some fat soluble

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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