Why have humans been using selective breeding for thousands of years?
To produce food crops from wild plants and to produce domesticated animals from wild animals.
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What is selective breeding the process of?
It is the process which humans breed plants and animals with particular, desirable genetic characteristics.
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What are the 4 steps of selective breeding?
Choose parents that best show the desired characteristics. Breed them together. From the offspring, again choose those with the desired characteristics and breed. Continue over many generations.
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What type of characteristics could be selected for this?
Disease resistance in food crops. Animals that produce more meat or milk. Domestic dogs with a gentle nature. Large or unusual flowers.
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However, what can selective breeding lead to?
Selective breeding can lead to 'inbreeding', where some breeds are particularly prone to disease or inherited defects.
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What is genetic engineering?
It's a more recent way of bringing about changes in organisms.
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What does it involve?
It involves changing the characteristics of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism.
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HT What are the 3 steps of genetic engineering?
Enzymes are used to isolate the required gene. This gene is inserted into s vector, eg. a bacterial plasmid or virus. The vector is used to insert the gene into the required cells.
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HT What will happen if the genes are put into cells of animals or plants at the egg or embryo stage?
Then all cells in the organism will get the new gene.
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What have plant crops been genetically engineered to?
Be resistant to diseases, insects or herbicide attack. Produce bigger, better fruits.
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What are crops that have had their genes modified this way, called?
Genetically modified (GM) crops.
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Why are some people concerned about GM crops?
There are many possible long-term effects on populations of wild flowers and insect and on human health (if consumed).
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What are some other ethical considerations?
This includes the role that multinational companies play in manufacturing GM crops and setting the price.
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What is an example of fungi and bacteria being genetically engineered?
They have been genetically engineered to produce useful substances eg. human insulin to treat type 1 diabetes.
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In the future, what may it be possible to do with genetic modification?
It may be possible to use genetic modification to cure or prevent some inherited diseases in humans..
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What are clones?
Genetically identical individual.
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How are they produced?
They are produced naturally by asexual reproduction.
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What is the other way of creating clones called?
Artificial cloning.
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In plants, how can other identical plants be produced?
Through cuttings and tissue culture.
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What is tissue culture?
Tissue culture uses small groups of cells to grow new plants and is used comercially and to preserve rare plant species.
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In animals how can clones be produced?
Clones can be produced by splitting apart cells from an embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers.
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What is the process of producing clones using adult cells?
In book.
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How do you use cuttings to create clones?
Select a plant. Take cuttings. Place in damp atmosphere. New genetically identical plants develop.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Why have humans been using selective breeding for thousands of years?
Back
To produce food crops from wild plants and to produce domesticated animals from wild animals.
Card 3
Front
What is selective breeding the process of?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the 4 steps of selective breeding?
Back
Card 5
Front
What type of characteristics could be selected for this?
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