Biology Mock Exam

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Monomers
Monomers ar.e the smaller units from which larger molecules are made
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Polymers
Polymers are molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.
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Polymerisation
Polymerisation is the process in which small molecules (monomers) combine to make a large molecule (polymer).
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Condensation Reaction
A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a H20 molecule. (Monomers react together to build polymers).
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Hydrolysis Reaction
A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between the two molecules and involves the use of a H20 molecule. (Basically breaks polymers into monomers).
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Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.
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What are the 3 common monosaccharides?
Glucose, Galactose and Fructose
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How is a Disaccharide formed?
Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides. (Disaccharide=monosaccharide+ monosaccharide).
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Name 3 disaccharides and how they are made.
Maltose (two glucose molecules), Sucrose (glucose and a fructose molecule), Lactose (glucose and galactose molecule).
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Glucose has two isomers
The two isomers of glucose are Alpha Glucose and Beta Glucose. The key difference between them is where the -OH group is positioned on the 1st carbon.
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Alpha Glucose and Beta Glucose
Alpha glucose is the monomer unit of Starch and Glycogen. Whereas Beta glucose is the monomer unit of Cellulose.
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Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides aka. complex carbohydrates. They are polymers formed by combining MANY monosaccharide molecules.
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Name one feature of Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are insoluble due to them bring a very large molecule, which makes them suitable for their function of storage.
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Give 3 examples of Polysaccharides
Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose
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What are the two components of Starch (energy storage compound in plants)?
The 2 components of starch are Amylose and Amylopectin.
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Whats the test for Starch?
Iodine solution, with a colour change of yellow to Blue-Black.
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How do you test for a reducing sugar?
Straightforwards Benedicts test. Colour change: blue to brick-red.
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How do you test for a non-reducing sugar?
You use Benedicts test however you add HCL acid and sodium hydroxide to the food sample before you add the benedicts solution and heat.
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What are the roles of Lipids?
Source of energy, insultion (fats are slow conductors of heat) and protection (as fats are stored around delicate organs)
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What are the 2 types of Lipids?
Triglycerides and Phospholipids.
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Whats the test for Lipids?
The Emulsion Test. Requires you to add ethanol to the substance to dissolve the lipid, filter and then add water. If a lipid is present substance will turn cloudy/milky.
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Summarise Proteins
Amino acids are the monomers from which proteins are made. Amino acids join by condensation reactions, forming peptide bonds in the process. An amino acid+an amino acid= a Dipeptide. And many amino acids make a polypeptide.
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What is the test for Proteins?
Biruet test. It is used for detecting the presence of peptide bonds. Colour change: blue to lilac.
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What is an enzyme?
An enzyme is a biological catalyst that is used to speed up reactions, without being used up or changing the reaction.
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What are Enzyme Inhibitors?
Enzyme inhibitors are substances that directly or indirectly interfere with the functioning of the active site of an enzyme, and reduce its activity.
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What are the bonds called that form when nucleotides bind together?
Phosphodiester bonds.
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What are the 3 components that make up the structure of a nucleotide?
A pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.
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Briefly explain DNA Replication.
The enzyme DNA Helicase breaks the hydrogen bond holding the base pairs together. As a result the double helix separates. Free nucleotides are then joined by the DNA Polymerase to pairs. A new DNA molecule is made.
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What are the 2 stages in Cell Fractionation?
Homogenation and Ultracentrifugation.
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What is meant by the term 'Water Potential'?
Water Potential is the pressure created by water molecules.
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Briefly explain Phagocytosis.
Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that engulf and destroy pathogens. Attracted by chemicals, attach, phagosome formed, lymosomes release enzyme, hydrolese (break down) the pathogen.
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Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells produce and secrete specific antibodies, which then attach to the antigens on pathogens.
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Memory Cells
Memory cells help respond to future infections cause by the same pathogen.
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Herd Immunity
Herd immunity is when you vaccinate a large enough proportion of the population in order to break the chain of transmission.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Polymers are molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.

Back

Polymers

Card 3

Front

Polymerisation is the process in which small molecules (monomers) combine to make a large molecule (polymer).

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a H20 molecule. (Monomers react together to build polymers).

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between the two molecules and involves the use of a H20 molecule. (Basically breaks polymers into monomers).

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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