Biology B4

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What are the four components of the blood?
Plasma - 55% Red Blood Cells - 45% White Blood Cells and Platelets -
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What are Red Blood Cells?
Red blood Cells are cells that pick up oxygen from the lungs, deliver it to other cells and then carry away waste CO2. They are adapted to be concave on either side, so they have a higher surface area to volume ratio. They have no nucleus.
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What are White Blood Cells?
White Blood Cells have a nucleus and become part of the body's defense system against harmful microorganisms. Some for antibodies against these microorganisms and some form antitoxins to counter the toxins released. Some engulf and digest bacteria
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What is Plasma?
Blood Plasma is a yellow liquid which transports your blood cells and other substances around your body. Waste CO2 is carried to the lungs, Urea is carried to the kidneys and soluble products of digestion pass into the plasma from the small intestine
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What are platelets?
Platelets are small fragments of cells that have no nucleus. They are important in helping blood clot at the site of a wound. Protein fibres grab lots of red blood cells and platelets and form a jelly-like clot to stop you bleeding to death.
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What are the three types of Blood Vessel?
Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
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What is an Artery?
An artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. They have a pulse and a thick layer of muscular wall
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What is a Vein?
A vein is a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart. They have no pulse and a thin layer of muscular wall
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What are Capillaries?
Capillaries are blood vessels that run between individual cells, and have walls that are only one cell thick
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What is a double Circulatory system?
Double circulation systems deliver greater blood flow rate to tissues around the body because the heart pumps the (oxygenated or 'oxygen-rich') blood returned to it from the lungs
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How does the heart pump blood around the body?
Blood fills the Atria from the Vena Cava (from body) and from the pulmonary artery (from lungs) The atria contract pushing blood into the ventricles. They contract and push blood out of the pulmonary artery (to lungs) and the aorta (to body)
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What problems are caused by coronary heart disease?
Coronary artery disease is caused when fatty deposits build up on the insides of the artery. this can cause breathlessness, sweating, lightheadedness and pains in your cheast, arms, jaw, neck, mouth and abdomen
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How can you treat coronary heart disease?
You could insert a stent and a balloon into the artery,. The balloon inflates and pushes the stent open, which holds the artery open for blood to flow through. You could also use statins, which reduce blood cholesterol level and slow the fat build up
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What causes the sound of the heartbeat?
The valves snapping shut
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How are leaky valves treated?
You could have an animal valve transplanted, which is cheap but only lasts about 15 years, or you could have a mechanical valve transplanted, which lasts a lifetime but is very expensive
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How is the rhythm of the heart normally controlled?
The rhythm of the heart is controlled by a group of cells found in the right atrium
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How do artificial pacemakers work?
A pacemaker has leads in the right atrium, and can send electrical impulses to the heart to correct it if it starts beating abnormally
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How else can you treat a bad heart?
You could replace it with an artificial heart, which pumps blood around the body using compressed air
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How does inhalation occur?
The intercostal muscles contract. The diaphragm flattens and the ribs move move up and out. This causes the vloume of the chest to increase and pressure inside the chest decreases and air is pulled into the lungs
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How does exhalation occur?
The intercostal muscles relax and the diaphragm moves upwards, causing the ribs to move downwards and in. The volume of the chest decreases and the pressure increases, forcing air out of the lungs
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How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
They give the lungs a really big surface area, because of their shape and how many of them there are
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What are the main tissue types in plants?
Mesophyll, Epidermal, Xylem and Phloem
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What is the role of Epidermal tissue?
To cover and protect the cell. It is found underneath the waxy cuticle and on the bottom of the leaf
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What is the role of Mesophyll?
Palisade mesopyll's function is to carry out photosynthesis, and spongey mesophyll's role is to help transport gas and provide structural support. It is found in the centre of the plant leaf, in the stem and in the root
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What are the main characteristics of Xylem?
The xylem tubes are dead tubes found in the vein that are reinforced by lignin. They transport water from the roots to the leaves
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What are the main characteristics of Phloem?
Phloem are living sieve cells and companion cells found in the vein. They transport sugary solutions in both directions
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Define transpiration
The loss of water by evaporation from the stomata of the leaf
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What is the role of stomata in transpiration?
The stomata are found on the bottom of the leaf and is where the water transpires from. When the water leaves the leaf it creates a vacuum in the xylem tubes, and draws water up the stem
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How does light intensity affect rate of transpiration?
Water transpires slower when it is dark because the plant doesn't photosynthesize and doesn't need water or CO2
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How does temperature affect rate of transpiration?
Transpiration happens quicker when it is hot because the particles move more so have more kinetic energy
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How does humidity affect rate of transpiration?
Transpiration happens quicker when it is dry because there is a steeper concentration gradient
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are Red Blood Cells?

Back

Red blood Cells are cells that pick up oxygen from the lungs, deliver it to other cells and then carry away waste CO2. They are adapted to be concave on either side, so they have a higher surface area to volume ratio. They have no nucleus.

Card 3

Front

What are White Blood Cells?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is Plasma?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are platelets?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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