Biology - B2 and B3

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What can symptoms be caused by?
Cell damage or toxins released
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What cells are damaged by microrganisms?
Damage is done to the body cells
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Give an example of microorganisms directly damaging cells.
Malaria parasites invade red blood cells and multiply inside them, eventually making the cells burst open.
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What sort of symptoms does malaria cause?
Flu-like
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What do infectious microorganisms produce that damage cells?
Poisons, ( also known as - toxins )
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Some bacteria produce proteins what does this damage?
The material holding cells together. This helps the bacteria to invade the body more deeply.
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What bacteria can cause food poisoning?
Staphylococcus
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What do other microorganisms produce that poisons cells?
Toxins causing fever or inflammation
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How do bacteria reproduce?
By making copies of themselves
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What do they need to do this?
A source of nutrients for energy, warm moist conditions so the chemical reaction inside them can take place.
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Inside the human body there are lts of places where you can find these conditions so a few bacteria can soon become a large colony. Give an example of somewhere in your body.
Intestines
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What do viruses require to reproduce?
Other cells - they use parts of other cells to make copies of themselves
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Certain viruses can easily reproduce inside the the human body, why is this?
Because there are lots of the right kind of cells for them to use.
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If you start with one microorganism that reproduces every 30 minutes, how many will you have after 90 minutes?
8
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What does your immune system do?
Fights off microbes and deals with any infectious microoragnisms that enter the body.
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What does an immune response always involve?
White blood cells. There are several different types and they all have different jobs to do.
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What should happent to anything that gets inside your body?
Be picked up straight away by a certain type of white blood cell
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What can these white blood cells do?
They are able to detect thing that are foreign to the body.
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Give an example.
Microorganisms
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What do they do to the microbes?
Engulf and digest them
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What are these white blood cells?
Non-specific, they attack anything that is not meant to be there.
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What recognises foreign microorganisms?
Antibodies
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Some white blood cells have receptors that recognise particluar ________?
Antigens
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What are antigens?
They are substances that trigger immune responses - they're usually protein molecules on the surface of a microorganism cell.
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What else do certain types of white blood cells produce?
Antibodies
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What are antibodies?
Proteins that are specific to a particular antigen - different microorganisms have different antigens, so a different antibody is needed to recognise each different microorganism.
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How do antibodies get the invading microorganism?
They latch onto it. Then they do one of the following - Mark the microorganism so other white blood cells can engulf and digest, they bind to neutralise viruses and toxins or some can attach to bacteria and kill them directly.
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What happens when the right white blood cell recognises the antigens on a microorganism?
It divides to make more identical cells, which make lots of the right antibody to fight the infection.
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Some white blood cells stay around after the originl infection has been fought off - what are these cells called?
Memory cells
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What can memory cells do?
Rapidly reproduce if the same antign enters the body for a second time.
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What do the memory cells then do?
Produce lots of antibodies and kill off the microoragnisms before you become ill.
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Wht is this known as?
Immunity
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What are vaccinations made of?
A safe version of a dangerous microorganism
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By the time you are infected with a new microorganism, it takes your white blood cells a few days to get their numbers up and make the right antibodies to help them deal with it - How do you feel?
Ill by this point
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What does immunisation invlove?
Injecting dead or inactive microorganisms. These still carry the same antigens, which means your body produces antibodies to attack them.
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What does the body produce?
Memory cells that stay in the blood
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If the same microorganisms returns after that - what do the memory cells do?
Rapidly reproduce antibodies to kill them off.
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What does this mean?
You get rid of the disease causing microorganisms before you get sick.
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How do you prevent big outbreaks of disease?
Epidemics can be prevented by a large population of people being vaccinated
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What can happen if a large number of people aren't vaccinated?
Disease can spread quickly and people become ill all at the same time.
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Even if most people are vaccinated why is it unlikely that those who aren't vaccinated are unlikely to catch the disease?
Because there are fewer people to pass it on.
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Why aren't vaccinations 100% safe for everyone?
Because people react differently to different drugs and people can have side effects, some are more serious than others.
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What are antimicrobials?
Chemicals that inhibit the growth of microrganisms or kill them without seriously damaging your own body cells.
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Why are they useful?
Clearing up infections that your own immune sydtem is having trouble with.
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Give an example of an antimicrobil.
Antibiotics kill bacteria
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What don't antibiotics kill?
Viruses such as flu or colds
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Sometimes what do microorganisms develop?
Random mutations in their DNA
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What can they lead to?
Changes in the microorganisms characteristics. This can lead to them being less affected by an antimicrobial.
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What can lead to?
A gene becoming resistant being passed on - natural selection. They are called superbugs as they are resistant to most antimicrobials.
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The more often antibiotics are used, the bigger the problem of antibiotic resistance. True or False?
True
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Why is it important that people only take antibiotics when they really need to?
Because they create a situation where naturally resistant bacteria have an advantage and therefore increase in numbers.
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Why is it important to take all of the antibiotics a doctor prescribes?
It can increase the risk of an antibiotic resistant bacteria emerging.
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Where are drugs first tested?
In a labatory
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What is used to develop the drugs?
Human cells
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Why is this good?
Because the drug is being trialed on real human cells
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Why is it negative?
Because it can't recreate the conditions of a whole system
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How many times does the drug need to be tested prior to it being tested on humans?
On at least to different species of live mammals
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What mammals are usually tested on?
Monkeys and rats
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What does testing on animals prevent?
Harmful subastances being tested on human volunteers
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What is similar in mammals to humans?
Their systems
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What happens if the drug causes problems with the animals?
It is unlikely to be continued and the drug is stopped
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What is the name for when the drug is tested on human volunteers? Who is tested first?
Clinical Trials. healthy volunteers
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What is the purpose of this?
To ensure that there are no harmful side affects
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Who is it then tested on?
People with the illness
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What is a placebo?
A fake treatment which doesn't actually invlove the drug
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In some trials why aren't placebos given to seriously ill patients?
Because it would be unethical
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What are blind trials?
Patients don't know if they are being given the drug or a placebo
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Why is this being used?
Pyscological reasons means that someone may think they feel better if they are given the drug - this eliminates this effect
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What are double blind trials?
The scientists and the volunteers don't know who has the real drug or the placebo
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Why would this be used?
So the scientists aren't subconsciously influenced by their knowledge
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What is open-label trials?
Both patients and scientists are aware of what is being taken
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Why would this be used?
You cannot mask the treatments
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Why does the heart have a double pump?
The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the right side pumps oxygenated blood around the body
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What is the blood supplied by?
Two coronary arteries which branch from the base of the aorta
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What do arteries do?
Carry blood away from the heart
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What do veins do?
Carry blood back to the heart
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Which one has thicker walls due to high pressure?
Arteries
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Which has bigger lumen to help blood flow easier?
Veins
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What are capillaries?
Branches of arteries that are tiny
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What walls do they have?
Permeable so substances can diffuse in and out.
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What is heart rate?
How many beats per minute
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What is your pulse rate?
The number of times an artery pulsates in one minute.
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What happens when your heart muscle contracts?
Blood is pushed out of the heart
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What happens when it relaxes?
The heart fills with blood
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What does high blood pressure increase the risk of?
Heart Disease
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What happens when you have high blood pressure?
Fatty deposits can build up and restrict the blood flow.
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What does natural selection mean?
Survival of the fittest.
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Biodiversity?
Number od different species and the range of microoraganisms
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What is the cartbon cycle powered by?
Photosynthesis
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Decomposers?
decompose proteins and urea and turn them into ammonia
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nitryfying bacteria?
ammonia in decaying matter in to nitrates
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nitrogen fixing bacteria?
atmospheric N2 into nitrogen compounds
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Denitrifying bacteria?
nitrates in to N2 gas
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Sustainability?
meeting the needs of people today without damaging the environment for future generations!
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What cells are damaged by microrganisms?

Back

Damage is done to the body cells

Card 3

Front

Give an example of microorganisms directly damaging cells.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What sort of symptoms does malaria cause?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What do infectious microorganisms produce that damage cells?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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