Biology

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Name the main Organelles of plant and animal cells.
Nucleus, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Cell wall, Vacuole and Chloroplasts
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Size of a bacteria Cell.
1/100th of the size of a human cell.
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Describe the difference in how genetic material is found in a eukaryotic cell and in a prokaryotic cell.
In Eukaryotic cells the genetic material is bound inside the nucleus. In a prokaryotic cell the genetic material is found to move freely in the cytoplasm.
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What does the nucleus do?
Contains the genetic material and controls the activity of the cell.
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What does the Cell membrane do?
Hold what is inside the cell and controls what goes in and out.
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What does Mitochondria do?
Where Respiration takes place, energy transfers occur most here.
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What does the Ribosomes do?
Protein Synthesis
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What does the cell wall do in a plant cell?
Supports the plant and strengths it
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What does Chloroplast do in a plant cell?
Where photosynthesis occurs and contains green substance called Chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis.
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What does Plasmids do in a Bacterial cell?
These plasmids contain additional genes, such as for antibiotic resistance, which may increase a bacterium’s chance of survival.
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How do Sperm cells structure relate to their function?
Sperm cells are structured to reproduce, they have a long tail to make them streamline to get to the egg quicker. They have a lot of mitochondria to make the energy needed.
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How do Nerve cells structure relate to their function?
Nerve cells are strutted to send electrical impulses to different areas of the body. They are long to cover more surface area. They have branched ends to make the connections to other nerve cells.
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How do muscle cells structure relate to their function?
A muscle cell is meant to be contracted. They are long to have space to contract. They also have lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed to contract.
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How do root hair cells structure relate to their functions?
A root hair's function is to absorb water and minerals from the soil. They have a large surface areas to absorb as much water and minerals needed.
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How do Xylem cells structure relate to their function?
They are hollow to allow water and minerals to pass through easily.
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How do phloem cells structure relate to their function?
They have sub layers to allow leaf sap to pass through.
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What is cell differentiation?
Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised at a job.
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What is the difference in resolution between an electron microscope and a light microscope?
Electron Microscopes have a higher resolution than a light microscope.
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What is the difference in magnification between an electron microscope and a light microscope?
An electron microscope has a better magnification than a light micro-scope.
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Explain organisational hierarchy.
Organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems
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What is a cell?
Basic structural and functional unit of a living organism
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What are tissues?
Group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function
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What are organs?
Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions
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What is an organism?
A group of organs working together to make bodily functions.
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What is mitosis?
In mammals, body cells are diploid. The chromosomes need to be copied exactly so that new cells can be produced for: growth, repair to damaged tissue and replacement of worn-out cells
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Why is Mitosis important for growth and development?
It replaces old cells, this helps keep the body healthy.
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Situations where Mitosis occurs?
Nose bleeds, cells needed to compensate for the blood loss. Skin wound, cells natural heal over the open wound.
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Define a stem cell.
Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells
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Stem cells from embryos and bone marrow.
uman stem cells can come from human embryos or from adult bone marrow. They are able to develop into any kind of human cell.
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Conditions that may be helped by stem cells use.
Parkinson's disease, paralysis and neurological diseases
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How does smoking increase the risk of cancer?
obacco smoke contains tar, and tar contains several carcinogens. These can make DNA in epithelial cells lining the lungs mutate, which is the first step towards a malignant tumour.
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How does UV rays increase the risk of cancer?
Too much UV radiation from the sun or sunbeds can damage the genetic material (the DNA) in your skin cells. If enough DNA damage builds up over time, it can cause cells to start growing out of control, which can lead to skin cancer.
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How does Obesity increase the risk of cancer?
Extra fat in the body can have harmful effects, like producing hormones and growth factors that affect the way our cells work. Causing Mitosis.
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Genetic risks which are an increase risk of cancer.
Genes carry the instructions to make proteins, which do much of the work in our cells. Certain gene changes can cause cells to evade normal growth controls and become cancer.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration does not need oxygen, Products of anaerobic respiration are lactic acid, Anaerobic respiration does not produce as much energy as Aerobic respiration.
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Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration needs oxygen, products of aerobic respiration Carbon dioxide and water, Aerobic respiration produces more energy then Anaerobic respiration.
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Define Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration is the process of getting energy from the reaction of Oxygen and the breaking down of glucose.
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Define anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is the process of incomplete breakdown of glucose.
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Name three things organisms need energy for?
Cell division, maintaining body temperature and movement
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Aerobic respiration equation
Glucose + oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water
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Aerobic respiration symbol equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
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Anaerobic respiration word equation
Glucose --> Lactic Acid
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Energy from anaerobic respiration
Respiration from anaerobic does not supply where needed this is called oxygen debt.
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Anaerobic respiration in Plant and yeast
Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
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Anaerobic respiration in Plants and yeast symbol equation
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
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Fermentation economical advantages
Worth £66 billion in the UK alone
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What is muscle fatigue and oxygen debt?
Anaerobic respiration produces an oxygen debt. This is the amount of oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water. The existence of an oxygen debt explains why we continue to breathe deeply and quickly for a while after exercise.
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What is the role of the liver in the removal of lactic acid?
Panting after exercise provides oxygen to break down lactic acid. The increased heart rate also allows lactic acid to be carried away by the blood to the liver, where it is broken down.
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Define Metabolism
All cells produce things that are essential for them to function properly. For example, in plants, specific metabolic pathways can produce glucose and chlorophyll.
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Define the 'three domain system' developed by Carl Woese.
The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1977[1][2] that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Size of a bacteria Cell.

Back

1/100th of the size of a human cell.

Card 3

Front

Describe the difference in how genetic material is found in a eukaryotic cell and in a prokaryotic cell.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the nucleus do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does the Cell membrane do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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