BIOLOGY

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WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?
THE REGULATION OF INTERNAL CONDITIONS OF A CELL OR ORGANISM TO MAINTAIN OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR FUNCTION IN RESPONSETO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGES
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WHY IS HOMEOSTASIS IMPORTANT?
TO MAINTAIN OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR ENZYME ACTION AND ALL CELL FUNCTIONS
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WHAT DOES HOMEOSTASIS INCLUDE IN THE HUMAN BODY?
BLOOD GLUCOSE CONC.- WATER LEVELS AND BODY TEMP.
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HOW DOES THE HUMAN BODY ACHIEVE HOMEOSTASIS?
THROUGH AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS E.G. NERVOUS SYSTEM OR CHEMICAL RESPONSES
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DESCRIBE A CONTROL SYSTEM
RECEPTORS: CELLS THAT DETECT STIMULI; COORDINATION CENTRES: AREAS THAT RECIEVE AND PROCESS FROM RECEPTORS; EFFECTORS: MUSCLES OR GLANDS THAT RESPOND TO STIMULI
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HOW DOES THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM WORK?
USES ELECTRICAL IMPULSES TO ENABLE YOU TO ACT QUICKLY TO CHANGES IN YOUR SURROUNDINGS AND COORDINATE YOUR BEHAVIOUR
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REFLEX ACTIONS ARE...
RAPID AND AUTOMATIC SO THEY ARE NOT UNDER CONCIOUS CONTROL OF THE BRAIN
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WHY ARE REFLEXES IMPORTANT?
THEY PROTECT US FROM HARM AND CONTROL EVERYDAY BODILY FUNCTIONS
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WHAT IS A SYNAPSE?
THE GAP BETWEEN 2 NEURONE CELLS
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HOW DO ELECTRICAL IMPULSES CROSS THE SYNAPSE?
WHEN IT ARRIVES IT TRIGGERS THE RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS WHICH DIFFUSE ACROSS. THESE BIND TO RECEPTOR SITES ON THE NEXT NEURONE WHICH GENERATES A NEW ELECTRICAL IMPULSE.
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DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF A SENSORY NEURONE..
A RECEPTOR IN YOUR SKIN BECOMES STIMULATED, AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE PASSES ALONG A SENSORY NEURONE TO THE CNS/ RELAY NEURONE SYNAPSE
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DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF A RELAY NEURONE
CARRIES IMPULSE FROM SENSORY NEURONE TO MOTOR NEURONE- ACTS AS COORDINATOR IN REFLEX ARC, IN SPINAL CORD/ UNCONCIOUS AREAS OF THE BRAIN.
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DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF A MOTOR NEURONE
CARRIES IMPULSES FROMRELAY NEURONE TO EFFECTOR WHICH BRINGS RESPONSE
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DEFINE THE BRAIN
AN ORGAN MADE OF BILLIONS OF INTERCONNECTED NEURONES TTHAT CONTROL COMPLEX BEHAVIOUR. HAS DIFFERENT REGIONS FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
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NAME 3 PARTS OF THE BRAIN
CEREBRAL CORTEX, CEREBELLUM, MEDULLA
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX?
CONTROLS CONCIOUSNESS LIKE MEMORY; LANGUAGE AND INTELLIGENCE
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBELLUM?
CONTROLS MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND BALANCE
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MEDULLA?
CONTROLS UNCONSCIOUS ACTIVITIES LIKE BREATHING
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HOW DO NEUROSCIENTISTS MAP THE REGIONS OF THE BRAIN?
STUDYING PATIENTS WITH BRAIN DAMAGE, ELECTRICALLY STIMULATING CONCIOUS VOLUNTEERS AND USING MRI SCANS
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WHY IS IT DIFFICULT TO TREAT BRAIN DISORDERS?
BECAUSE PROCESSES INVOLVE MANY DIFFERENT NEURONES AND CHEMICALS RELEASED IN SYNAPSES. THESE ARE EASILY DAMAGED, DRUGS DON'T ALWAYS REACH THE BRAIN AND IT IS DIFFICULT NOT TO DAMAGE MORE DUE TO THE COMPLEX, DELICATE BRAIN
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WHAT IS THE NORMAL HUMAN BODY TEMP?
37 C
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WHY MUST THE BODY TEMP. REMAIN AT NORMAL?
IT IS THE OPTIMUM TEMP. FOR ENZYME ACTION AND ALL CELL PROCESSES.
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HOW IS BODY TEMP. CONTROLLED?
THROUGH THE THERMOREGULATORY CENTRE IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF THE BRAIN. THIS CONTAINS RECEPTORS THAT ARE SENSITIVE TO TEMP CHANGES IN BLOOD FLOWING THROUGH BRAIN
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HOW DOES THE SKIN DETECT TEMP. CHANGE?
THERE ARE TEMP. RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN WHICH SEND NERVE IMPULSES TO THE THERMOREGULATORY CENTRE
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IF THE CORE BODY TEMP BECOMES TOO HIGH:
BLOOD VESSELS SUPPLYING CAPILLARIES DILATE MEANING MORE BLOOD FLOWS CLOSER TO THE SKIN; SWEAT IS PRODUCED FROM SWEAT GLANDS, WATER EVAPORATES OFF SKIN MORE ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED TO SURROUNDINGS
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IF THE CORE BODY TEMP. BECOMES TOO LOW:
BLOOD VESSELS CONSTRICT TO REDUCE BLOOD FLOW DECREASES ENERGY TRANSFER; SKELETAL MUSCLES CONTRACT QUICKLY RESPIRING AND RELEASING ENERGY; HAIRS STAND ON END TRAP LAYER OF AIR; SWEATING STOPS, LESS ENERGY TRANSFERRED TO ENVIRONMENT
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WHAT IS THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
COMPOSED OF GLANDS THAT SECRETE HORMONES INTO BLOODSTREAM.
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HOW DO HORMONES TRAVEL AROUND THE BODY?
THE BLOOD CARRIES THE HORMONE TO A TARGET ORGAN WHERE IT PRODUCES AN EFFECT
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WHAT DOES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DO?
CONTROLS AND COORDINATES CONDITIONS AND PROCESSES IN THE BODY
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COMPARE HORMONES TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
HORMONES ARE GENERALLY SLOWER THAN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BUT LONGER LASTING
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DESCRIBE THE PITUITARY GLAND
KNOWN AS THE MASTER GLAND AS IT SECRETES SEVERAL HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD IN RESPONSE TO BODY CONDITIONS. SOME ACT ON OTHER GLANDS AND STIMULATE THEM TO RELEASE HORMONES TO BRING ABOUT EFFECTS; PRODUCES ADH TO CONTROL LEVELS OF WATER IN THE BLOOD/BODY
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NAME THE 6 GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PITUITARY GLAND, THYROID GLAND, ADRENAL GLANDS, PANCREAS, OVARIES , TESTES
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THYROID GLAND:
RECEIVES TSH FROM PITUITARY GLAND, TO RELEASE THYROXINE TO CONTROL METABOLIC RATE
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OVARIES:
RECEIVE FSHAND LH FROM P.G. TO RELEASE OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE WHICH CONTROL DEVELOPMENT O SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE
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ADRENAL GLANDS:
PRODUUCES ADRENALINE WHICH CONTROLS FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
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PANCREAS:
PRODUCES INSULIN AND GLUCOGEN TO CONTROL BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
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TESTES:
PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE WHICH CONTROLS DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF SPERM
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WHAT IS A GENE?
A SMALL SECTION OF DNA ON A CHROMOSOME. EACH GENE CODESFO A PARTICULAR SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS. A SEQUENCE OF 3 BASES COD FOR ONE SPECIFIC AMINO ACID
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WHERE IS GENETIC MATERIAL FOUND?
THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL
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WHAT IS DNA?
A POLYMER MADE OF 2 STRANDS OF FOUR REPEATING NUCLEOTIDES FORMING A DOUBLE HELIX.
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WHAT ARE NUCLEOTIDES MADE OF?
A PHOSPHATE A SUGAR AND A BASE. THE SUGAR AND PHOSPHATE MAKE THE BACKBONE. THE STRANDS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY LINKS BETWEEN BASES
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WHICH BASES ARE COMPLEMENTARY?
A+T--- C+G
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WHAT CONTROLSTHE ORDER IN WHICH AMINO ACIDS ARE ASSEMBLED TO PRODUCE A PARTICULAR PROTEIN?
THE ORDER OF BASES
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WHAT HAS MAPPING THE ENTIRE HUMAN GENOME HELPED?
UNDERSTANDING INHERITED DISORDERS; CAN PREDICT RISK OF DEVELOPING DISEASES; MAPPING HUMAN HISTORY
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WHAT IS AN ALLELE?
VARIANT OF A GENE
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WHAT IS THE GENOTYPE?
THE ALLELES PRESENT IN AN ORGANISM, INHERITED FROM THEIR PARENTS
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WHAT IS THE PHENOTYPE?
HOW THE ALLELES ARE EXPRESSED
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Card 2

Front

WHY IS HOMEOSTASIS IMPORTANT?

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TO MAINTAIN OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR ENZYME ACTION AND ALL CELL FUNCTIONS

Card 3

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WHAT DOES HOMEOSTASIS INCLUDE IN THE HUMAN BODY?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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HOW DOES THE HUMAN BODY ACHIEVE HOMEOSTASIS?

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Card 5

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DESCRIBE A CONTROL SYSTEM

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