Alpha has a hydrogen above. Beta has hydrogen below.
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Function of carbohydrates?
They are a main energy source so its chemical bonds contain a lot of energy.
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How are monosaccharides joined together?
Glycosidic bonds which releases a molecules of water and forms a disaccharide. Reversible reaction is hydrolysis.
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What are polysaccharides?
More than two polysaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond.
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What is amylose?
1-4 bonds. Many alpha-glucose molecules joined together by glycosidic bonds. It is long and unbranched and they form a coiled compact structure which is good for storage.
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What is amylopectin?
Long branches chain of alpha-glucose with side branches which allow enzymes to break down molecules quickly.
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Starch
Excess glucose stores as starch. It is a mixture of amylose and amylopectin and is insoluble so it doesn't cause water to enter cell by osmosis.
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Glycogen
Energy used is in form of glucose. Animals store excess glucose as glycogen which is a alpha polysaccharide. They load more compact side branches and releases energy quickly.
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Cellulose
1-4 Long branches beta glucose. Bonds are straight and have hydrogen bond to form strong fibers. They are for structural support.
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Lipids?
One glycerol and a number of fatty acids. e.g triglycerol is three fatty acids and one glycerol.
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Why are lipid insoluble?
They have hydrophobic tails.
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Triglycerides
Long hydrocarbon tails contain a lot of energy and it is released when they are broken down. Insoluble so water doesn't enter cell and they form insoluble droplet as the tails which are hydrophobic point outwards.
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Ester bond?
Hydroxyl group from glycerol and H ion forms a ester bond from water and double bond between O and C
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Phospholipids
Bilayer with hydrophobic tails and hydrophillic heads. Together they forma barrier known as a plasma membrance.
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Cholesterol structure
Makes steroid as the hydrocarbon ring attaches to a hydrocarbon tail making a polar hydroxyl group which makes it insoluble in blood but soluble in water.
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Cholesterol
They strengthen a cell membrane by interacting with the phospholipid bilayer. The small size and flattened shape allow them to fit between phospholipids and cause them to pack more closely. They affect fluidity.
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What are proteins?
Long chains of amino acids. When two amino acid are bonded together it is a dipeptide bond. Yet when it is more than two it is a polypeptide bond.
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Groups in amino acids.
COOH (carboxyl) R (variable group) NH2 (amino) H are attached to a C.
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Peptide bonds
This is when amino acids are bonded and release water. The reverse reaction is hydrolysis which breaks the peptide bond.
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Primary structure
Sequence of amino acids held by peptide bonds.
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Secondary structure.
Hydrogen bonds form and alpha helix or betal pleated sheet form.
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Tertiary Structure
Coiled and folded further making a final 3D shape from ionic interaction, disulfide bond, hydrophobic/hydrophillic interaction and hydrogen bonds.
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Quaternary structure
Made from several polypeptide chains held together by bonds and has the bonds of the tertiary structure.
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Collagen
Fibrous protein which forms supportive tissue. It is strong as its made by three polypeptide chain wrapped in triple helix With covalant bonds and minerals which increase rigidity.
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Haemoglobin
Globular protein with iron prosthetic group. Curled as hydrophillic side chains and hydrophobic side chains. Soluble and transported in blood.
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Test for reducing sugar?
Add Benedict's reagent and heat gently. A colored precipitate will form. Colour of precipitate dictates the concentration of reducing sugars.
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Test for non-reducing sugar?
Boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid. Then neutrilise with sodium hydroxide. Then carry out Benedict's reagent test.
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Test for starch?
iodine will turn starch dark blue-black from browny-orange.
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Test for protein?
Add sodium hydroxide. Add copper (11) sulfate. If protein present purple layer forms.
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Test for lipid
Shake test tube with ethanol then pour into water. If lipid present then solution will turn milky
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How to tell between alpha and beta carbohydrates?
Back
Alpha has a hydrogen above. Beta has hydrogen below.
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