Biological Molecules 1

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  • Created by: jackjj9
  • Created on: 06-10-16 19:59
What are the monomers of the polymer, RNA
Nucleotides
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What is the monomer of the polysaccharide, cellulose?
Beta-glucose
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What is the monomer of the polysaccharide, glycogen?
Alpha-glucose
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What is the monomer of the polysaccharide, starch?
Alpha-glucose
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What is a condensation reaction?
When 2 monomers are joined together, releasing a water molecule in the process
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What is the bond between monosaccharides in a polysaccharide called?
Glycosidic bond
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What is a polymer?
A long, complex molecule made from repeating units called monomers
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What is a monomer?
A basic molecule that has potential to be polyermerised in a condensation reaction
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What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Using a molecule of water to break a bond between monomers (e.g. hydrolysing a glycosidic bond)
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How are disaccharides formed?
A condensation reaction forms a glycosidic bond, releasing a molecule of water in the process
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Give 3 examples of a disaccharide
Maltose, sucrose and lactose
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Glucose + Glucose --->
Maltose + water
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Glucose + ?1 ---> sucrose + ?2
?1 = fructose, ?2 = water
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Glucose + ? ---> lactose + water
? = galactose
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What are the 3 monosaccharides that can be reacted with glucose to produce the previous 3 disaacharides?
Glucose, fructose and galactose
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What 3 elements do all carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only
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What ratio are the elements in a carbohydrate in?
1:2:1
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What is a hexose sugar?
A carbohydrate containing a six carbon ring (HEXagon)
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What are carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides of monosaccharides that contain only C, H and O.
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What is the way to remember the structure of a-glucose?
The happy-sad man with a spot on his face
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What is different about b-glucose, compared to a-glucose?
The H and OH on the right have switched places.
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True or false, all sugars are CHOs?
True
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What do you use for the biochemical test for starch?
Iodine
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What colour does iodine go in the biochemical test for starch is it is a positive result?
Black
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What do you do to test for (non-)reducing sugars?
Heat with benedict's reagent at 30C for 10 minutes
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What is the only non-reducing needed in knowledge for the exam?
Sucrose
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What is a reducing sugar?
A sugar that gives electrons (reduces) to CuSO4 which is present in Benedict's reagent.
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What colour is a reducing sugar precipitate?
orange-brown
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If a darker and higher mass of ppt is formed, is the more or less reducing?
More
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What do you do to then go on to test for a non-reducing sugar?
Add HCl to hydrolyse bonds, add NaOH to make it neutral so Benedict's reagent can work. Heat again with more Benedict's reagent. A orange-brown ppt will then be formed if it is non-reducing
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Are the results from the Benedict's reagent test quantitative or qualitative?
Qualitative
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How can you make the results quantitative?
Use a colorimeter
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Give 2 reasons why qualitative results are bad...
Subjective/not repeatable/does not tell how much is present
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What can be used to find an unknown concentration?
A dilution series
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What is the graph formed from a dilution series called?
Calibration curve
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How can a dilution series be produced?
Use 10ml of 1M solution, take out 5ml and add to ml of water in the next tube, take out 5ml from this and add to 5ml of water in the next and so on.
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What are the 2 axis on a calibration curve?
Concentration and Colorimeter reading in AU
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What is starch the main storage molecule in?
Plants
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What 2 polysaccharides make up starch?
Amylopectin and amylose
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What monosaccharide makes up the amylopectin and amylose in starch?
a-glucose
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What is the structure of amylopectin?
A branched spiral of a-glucose held together by glycosidic bonds.
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What is the structure of amylose?
An unbranched spiral of a-glucose held together by glycosidic bonds
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Give 3 reasons why starch is suited to its job
1. Large and insoluble so no effect on osmotic balance. 2. Spirals and branching = good for storage. 3. Branching allows quick release of energy
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Which is more branched, glycogen or starched and why?
Glycogen because animals need a quicker burst of energy e.g. to catch prey or escape predators
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Why are amino acids evidence for evolution?
All living organisms share the same amino acids (biochemistry) from a bank of about 20, dating back to a common ancient ancestor.
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What is glycogen used for?
Energy storage in humans
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What is structure of glycogen?
Shorter, very branched chains of a-glucose held together by glycosidic bonds
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Why does glycogen have no effect on the osmotic balance of the cell?
It is large and insoluble
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Where is cellulose found?
Cell walls in plants
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Why is structure of cellulose different from glycogen and starch?
It is made of b-glucose
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What is the structure of cellulose?
Long, straight chains of b-glucose held together by glycosidic bonds.
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What are microfibrils?
When hydrogen bonds form between chains of cellulose, leaving an even stronger structure
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Why is cellulose adapted to its function?
It is very strong to protect plant cells from damage as it is present in cell walls.
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How is cellulose formed?
Condensation of b-glucose
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Give 3 roles of a lipid
Waterproofing, energy store, insulation, protection, plasma membranes
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True or false, lipids are polymers
FALSE - they are NOT made of repeating units
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What are the two parts of the general structure of a fatty acid?
Carboxyl head group and R group (hydrocarbon) tail
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What type of bond joins fatty acids to glycerol?
Ester
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Are fatty acids soluble or insoluble?
Insoluble
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Why are fatty acids insoluble?
The hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic
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Which part varies in a lipid?
The length of the hydrocarbon tails (and number) (R group).
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Are saturated fatty acids solid or liquid at room temperature?
Solid
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What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
Contains a double bond
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What is the structure of an unsaturated fatty acid?
Kinked
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What are the 2 main types of lipids?
Triglycerides and phospholipids
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Which type of lipids are fats and oils?
Trigylcerides
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What do we use triglycerides for?
As an energy store
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What is the structure of a triglyceride?
3 fatty acid hydrocarbon (hydrophobic) tails are joined to a glycerol head by an ester bond (carboxyl group joins to gylercol)
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Are triglycerides soluble?
No
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Why are triglycerides insoluble?
They have 3 insoluble hydrocarbon, hydrophobic tails
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Why are trigylcerides used as an energy store?
The hydrocarbon tails contain lots of chemical energy - twice as much energy per gram as CHOs
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Why is there no effect on osmotic balance by a triglyceride?
They are insoluble
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What is the structure of a phospholipid?
A phosphate, glycerol and 2 hydrocarbon tails
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Which part is hydrophilic in a phospholipid?
Phosphate
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What type of bond joins the 2 fatty acids to glycerol in a phospholipid?
Ester
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Where can you find phospholipids?
In cell plasma membranes
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What do phospholipids form the plasma cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
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Why is the phospholipid bilayer formed?
The hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails move inwards and are protected by the hydrophilic heads (caused by the phosphate).
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What is the biochemical test for lipids also known as?
The emulsion test
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What is the method of the emulsion test?
1. Shake sample with ethanol for 1 minute. 2. Add solution to distilled water
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If a milky colour presents itself in the emulsion test, what does this mean?
That a lipid is present.
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What 4 elements make up the general structure of an amino acid?
N,O,C and H
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What 3 groups are present in an amino acid's general structure?
Amino group, R group and carboxyl group
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What are the monomers of a protein?
Amino acids
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What bonds form between two amino acids?
Peptide bonds
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What are two amino joined by a peptide bonds called?
Dipeptide
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What is a polypeptide?
Many amino acids held together by many peptide bonds (protein)
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What is primary structure?
The order of amino acids
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True or false, primary structure dictates shape?
True
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What 2 types of secondary structure are there?
a-helix and b-sheet (pleated sheet)
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What bonds are present in secondary structure?
Hydrogen
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What is secondary structure?
The way proteins begin to fold into shape due to hydrogen bonds
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What is tertiary structure?
When a 3D shape is formed due to attractions between R groups
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What types of bonds are present in tertiary structure?
Hydrogen, ionic and disulphide bridges
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Which amino acid contains only a single H as its R group?
Glycine
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Which is the only amino acid to contain sulphur in its R group?
Cysteine
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What bonds are present in primary structure?
Peptide
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What shape does tertiary structure form?
3D
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What type of bond is a disulphide bridge?
Covalent
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Which is the strongest type of bond in tertiary structure?
Disulphide bridges
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If a disulphide bridges, which amino acid is present?
Cysteine
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What is quarternary structure?
When one polypeptide chain joins to another
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Why are enzymes usually spherical in shape?
Tight folding
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What 2 types of proteins are there?
Globular and structural (fibrous)
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What kind of proteins are enzymes?
Globular
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What a does the strength of a structural protein depend on?
The amount of sulphur present
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What do transport proteins do?
Have hydrophilic and phobic amino acids, forming a channel through a plasma membrane
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What test can be used to test for proteins?
Biuret test
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What makes up Biuret reagent?
CuSO4 + NaOH
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How do you test for a protein?
Add Biuret reagent to each sample. If it goes purple in 2 minutes, protein is present
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What enzyme is used to break albumin down into its constituent amino acids?
Trypsin
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How can you tell which amino acids are present in albumin?
Add water and trypsin to egg white powder and perform chromatography
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How can you work out an rF value?
rF value = distance moved by amino acid (dot) / distance moved by solvent (solvent front)
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Card 4

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Card 5

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