All living things are made from four types of organic compound, what are they?
Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids
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What is an organic compound?
An organic compound is one in which the molecules are based on carbon, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids.
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What is a polymer?
A polymer is a long chain of repeated units. The individual units are called monomers.
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What is a monomer?
A monomer is one of the small similar molecules that join together to form a polymer.
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Name three important examples of monomers.
Amino acids, glucose and nucleic acids
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Amino acids join together to make...
Proteins
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The monosaccharide glucose joins to make...
The polysaccharides starch, cellulose and glycogen
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Nucleotides join to make...
The nucleic acids DNA and RNA
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What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule.
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What is a condensation reaction?
A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.
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Which three elements do carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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What are simple carbohydrates?
Sweet-tasting sugars which are soluble compounds.
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What are the two types of sugar?
Monosaccharides (single sugars) and disaccharides (double sugars)
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What are three examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose and fructose.
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What are three examples of disaccharides?
Maltose, sucrose and lactose.
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What are isomers?
When molecules had the same atoms but in slightly different arrangements.
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What are the two isomers of glucose?
a-glucose and B-glucose
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What is the difference between these two isomers?
a-glucose polymerises to form the energy storage compounds starch and glycogen, whereas B-glucose polymerises into cellulose.
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What is the chemical bond called that joins two monosaccharides together?
A glycosidic bond
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a-glucose + a-glucose =
Maltose
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How is starch formed?
Repeating the process of joining many a-glucose molecules together.
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a-glucose + fructose =
Sucrose (cane sugar)
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a-glucose + galactose =
Lactose (milk sugar)
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What is another name for polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates
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What are three examples of polysaccharides?
Starch, glycogen and cellulose
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What is amylose?
A straight chain polymer of glucose, which means it is one long spiral molecule with just two ends - there is no branching. (1,4 glycosidic bond)
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What is amylopectin?
Amylopectin is branched, so new glucose units can only be added or released from the ends. It can therefore be built up and broken down much more quickly than amylose. (1,6 glycosidic bond at branching point, 1,4 glycosidic bonds)
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What is starch?
The main energy storage compound in plants.
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What is starch a mixture of?
Amylose and amylopectin
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How is starch able to be compact, insoluble and available when needed?
The spiral shape of amylose makes it compact, it's huge size makes it insoluble, the branching of amylopectin provides lots of ends that can release glucose quickly.
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Describe the structure of glycogen.
It has the same structure as amylopectin, but is more frequently branched.
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What are the key features of glycogen?
Most our glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles, when blood glucose levels are low glycogen is broken down to restore these levels, short-term energy storage (lipids are long-term).
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What is cellulose made up of?
It is a polymer of B-glucose.
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How is cellulose formed?
B-glucose molecules are joined together by condensation reactions. They form long-straight, unbranched chains. When they lie in parellel, many hydrogen bonds form along the whole length, so that long, strong fibres form. Microfibrils then form.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is an organic compound?
Back
An organic compound is one in which the molecules are based on carbon, i.e. proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids.
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