Biological Molecules
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- Created by: EllieB)
- Created on: 11-10-16 13:20
What is a monomer?
A simple molecule, often joined together to create polymers.
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What is a polymer?
A large molecule made up of many repeating, smaller units.
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Define monosaccharide
A simple sugar (carbohydrate). It cannot be hydrolised to become any simpler.
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Define disaccharide
A carbohydrate polymer that contains two monosaccharide molecules.
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Define polysaccharide
A complex carbohydrate, containing many repeated units linked by glycosidic bonds. Usually insoluble.
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What are the main elements in an organic molecule?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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Condensation reactions form what?
Water. They also form a glycosidic bond.
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Glucose + Fructose = ?
Sucrose
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Glucose + Glucose = ?
Maltose
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Glucose + Galactose = ?
Lactose
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Hydrolysis occurs when...
Water is added to a glycosidic bond
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Where is starch found?
In plants, for use as storage
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Name two other polysaccharides
Glycogen and Cellulose (beta glucose)
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What are features of amylose?
1-4 glycosidic bonds. Coiled, compact structure, slow energy release.
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What are features of amylopectin?
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds. Branched structure. Large surface area which hydrolises quickly- fast energy release.
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What are features of cellulose?
Beta glucose structure. Every second glucose is inverted. Hydrogen bonds as well as glycosidic.
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What are the main structure of monosaccharides?
Ringlike structure- (CH2O)n General formula (n is number of carbons in group)
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How does alpha glucose differ from beta glucose?
The H and OH of alpha glucose on the right side is switched in beta glucose.
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What is the difference between a hexose and pentose monosaccharide?
Hexose contains 6 carbons while pentose only contains 5.
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Where does the glycosidic bond form between monosaccharides?
The OH and H group (water is lost)
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What is the structure of glycogen?
Large and branched, 1-4 and 1-6 bonds.
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How do the properties of glucose help carry out their function in cells?
Simple molecule, it is easily able to be absorbed and to be broken down and releases a lot of energy. Also soluble, for transport in the body and in the cytosol of cells.
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How does the structure of cellulose help its function?
Straight chains (1-4 bonds). Hydrogen bonds can form inbetween staggered adjacent chains. Structural strength.
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Along with C H O, what is the other element present in protiens?
Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur
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What element, other than CHO is found in nucleic acid?
Phosphorus
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What is the role of glycogen?
Energy storage in the body
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What is the difference between fats and oils.
Fats are solid at room temperature and are usually saturated. Oils are liquid at room temperature and are unsaturated.
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What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated- Surrounded by hydrogen (no double bonds) Unsaturated- not surrounded by hydrogen, double bonds present.
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Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
They have double bonds, which causes the molecule to kink and fold around itself, resulting in a liquid.
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Are lipids soluble in water? Why?
No, because they are non polar.
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Lipids are macromolecules. What is meant by a macromolecule?
A large complex molecule not built from repeating units.
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Name a main property of lipids.
Brilliant energy store- More energy per gram than carbs or protiens.
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Are fats found in plants?
No, in plants lipids are oils.
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What are lipids made up of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (less O than carbs). Usually made of fatty acids and glycerol.
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What is a triglyceride made of?
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. They are macromolecules.
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How are triglycerides bonded together?
Ester bonds, via Esterification (condensation but for fats)
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How is a structure of a lipid suited to its function?
Hydrocarbon tail contains a lot of energy. Insoluble which is good for storage.
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What are phospholipids?
Modified triglycerides. A fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group.
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How are phospholipids different from triglycerides?
They are polar in the phosphate group and nonpolar in the hydrocarbon tail- making them surfactants.
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What are the function of phospholipids?
They can form a bilayer to form all cell membranes. The center of the bilayer is hydrophobic - water soluble substances cant easily pass through.
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What are sterols?
Steroid alcohols. Not fats or oils. Complex 4 carbon ring with hydroxyl group.
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What are the properties of sterols?
Hydroxyl group is polar,but the rest of molecule is hydrophobic.
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What is cholesterol?
A sterol which helps form cell membranes between phospholipids.
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Where is cholesterol made?
The liver and intenstines, usually made as vitamin D, hormones or bile.
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What is the function of cholesterol?
Helps form cell membranes. Also regulates fluidity in cells- stops cell becoming too fluid in heat and not fluid in cold.
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What is the structure of cholesterol?
Same as sterols- HC ring structure attatched to HC tail with polar hydroxyl group attatched. Small and flat.
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What are the main groups of a protien?
R group (hydrocarbon), Carboxyl group and Amine group
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How does a dipeptide differ from a polypeptide?
Dipeptide is made of 2 amino acids, while Polypeptides are made of 2 or more amino acids.
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What are primary protiens?
Polypeptide chains- Unique sequence of amino acids held together via peptide bonds.
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How are primary protiens formed and destroyed?
Enzyme catalysed condensation reactions, and Enzyme catalysed hydrolysis reactions to destroy
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Why is breaking down protiens important?
Hormone decomposition- so hormone effect isnt permanent
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What are secondary protiens?
Primary protiens (polypeptide chains) folded or pleated into different shapes, additional hydrogen bonds
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What are two examples of secondary protiens?
Alpha helixes and Beta pleated sheets
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What are tertiary protiens?
Secondary protiens (coiled/pleated sheets) with straight chains inbetween
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How are tertiary protiens bonded?
Disulphide bonds
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is a polymer?
Back
A large molecule made up of many repeating, smaller units.
Card 3
Front
Define monosaccharide
Back
Card 4
Front
Define disaccharide
Back
Card 5
Front
Define polysaccharide
Back
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