B5; Biology

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Name both types of skeleton
Internal, Extenal
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What are the advantages of having an internal skeleton
easily grows with the body, attaches to muscles, more flexible than external structures and provides a framework.
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What is the process ossification
as you grow, alot of your cartilage is replaced by bone. Blood vessels deposit calcium and posphorus in the cartilidge- which eventually turns into bone.
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What is osteroporosis
Calcium loss in the bones- commonly found in elderly people and Females are more likely to get it.
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The bones at the synovial joints are held together by what?
Ligaments- They ate very strong but quite elasticated.
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What is meant by the term 'antagonistic pairs'
when one muscle in the pair contracts, the joint moves in one direction. When the other muscle contracts, it moves in the opposite direction.
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Give an example of an organism that has a single and double circulatory system
fish and humans
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How does the double circulatory system work
it has circuts from the heart, one to the body and the other to the lungs. In the double circulatory system you need a four-chambered heart. This allows the blood to be pumped separately to the lungs and the body. Unborn babies don't need a one.
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What are biological pacemakers
these produce a small electric which spreads to the the surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract
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what is the sino-atrial node
SAN, stimulates the atria to contract
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what is the atrio-ventricular node
AVN, stimulates the ventricles to contract
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What is an electrodiagram (ECG)
this shows the electrical activity of the heart. They can show: Heart attacks, irregular heartbeats and general health of the heart.
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What are the 3 main ways how a heart can go wrong
Hole in the heart valve damage coronary heart disease
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What is a good blood clot
When your injured, your blood clots to prevent too much bleeding. A clot is a mesh of protein fibres that plugs the damaged area. This happens when platelets in your blood are exposed to damaged blood vessels
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What is the criterai for someone to be an organ donor
young, fit, close tissue match.
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What are the mechanical replecements for organs
Heart-Lung Machines, Kidney dialysis machinges, Mechanical ventilators
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What are the problems with mechanical replacements
constant power supply needed, large surface area, must be made from, materials that will not harm the body.
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What is inspiration
this is breathing in. Your intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, and increase the volume of the thorax. This expands your lungs and decreases pressure inside them.
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Where does gaseous exchange occur and what is it
the lungs contain aveoli. the blood passing next the aveoli have just returned from the rest of the body to the lungs, contain little oxygen. CO2 diffuses out of the blood to the aveolus to be breathed out. Its where oxygen diffuses out into blood.
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What can lung disease be caused by
industrial materials, genetic causes, lifestyle choices and asthmas
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What is the aim of digestion
to break downm large insoluble molecules into small solouble molecules to be absorbed into your blood plasma or lymph
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what are 3 main types of Digestive ezymes
carbohydrases, proteases, lipases
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How have the small intestines adapted to absorb food
It has a really big S.A for absorption so its covered in millions of tiny villi. each cell on villus has a microvillius, to increase S.A even more. They are permeable with a good blood supply to allow quick absorption.
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What is ultrafication
high pressure is built up in the kidneys to allow water, urea, glucose out of the blood into the capsule. Membe=ranes betrween the blood vessels in the right glomerulus is like a filter so big molecules are NOT squeezed out, they stay in blood.
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Name each stage of the menstral cycle
1. Menstaration starts. 2. The uterus lining builds up again. 3.An egg delevopes and is released. 4.The wall is then maintained.
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What 4 hormones control the menstral cycle
follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH), oestrogen, luteinising hormone (LH) and progesterone.
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What is amniocentesis
This is where doctors use a long needle to remove some fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb. This contains skin cells of the baby and the chromosomes can be analysed
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Why has the life expectancy in the UK increased
medical advances, work and housing is safer, healthier lifesftyle and diet, less industrial dises
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What is a dialysis machine
This is for people with kidney failure. It removes the excess water in your blood. Dialyusis contains the same amount of sodium and glucose as blood plasma.
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How have aveoli adapted for gas exchange
large S.A, moist surface to increase rate of diffusion, permeable surface, thin-lining and good blood supply
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the advantages of having an internal skeleton

Back

easily grows with the body, attaches to muscles, more flexible than external structures and provides a framework.

Card 3

Front

What is the process ossification

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is osteroporosis

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

The bones at the synovial joints are held together by what?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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