B2 Biology

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  • Created by: Lydia1
  • Created on: 02-01-13 11:16
What is the classification order of living organisms?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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What are the two types of classification systems?
Natural which is base on the evolutionary relationships and genetic similarities. And Artificial classification system which is based on their appearance so is used to identify them
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Why do classification systems change over time?
If scientists find new species or new fossils the classification system might have to be adapted so they can fit. As scientists research DNA sequencing, the classification system have to be changed, some organisms are closer related than 1st thought.
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What is a species?
A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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What is a hybrid?
If two different species interbreed you get a hybrid which is usually infertile so they arent a new species which makes them difficult to classify
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Why is it difficult to classify organisms that reproduce asexually?
Because they produce asexually and dont interbreed they aren't a species which makes them difficult to classify.
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What is the binomial system?
The system were every species is given a two part name. The first part is their genus name and the second is the species name.
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What shapes are biomass and number pyramids?
Biomass pyramids are always pyramid shaped whereas pyramids of numbers can be many other shapes
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Why do food chains only really have five trophic levels?
Energy is lost at each stage and used for the organism to stay alive.e.g respiration. Howver so much energy is lost that there isn't enough energy left to support more than 5 trophic levels
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What is the equation used to calculate the efficiency of energy transfer?
Energy available to next level DIVIDED BY energy that was available on previous level MULTIPLIED BY 100
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What is a species ecological niche?
How the species fits in to its ecosystem. It depends on things such as where they live and what they eat?
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What is the difference between interspecific and intraspecific competition?
Interspecific competition is where organisms compete for resources against another species whereas intraspecific is the same competition between the same species.
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Why are predator-prey cycles always out of phase with each other?
Because it takes a while for the populations to respond to the change in population.
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What happens in a parasitic relationship?
The parasite will live off a host and take what they need to survive without giving anything back which can harm the host.
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What happens in a mutualistic relationship?
A relationship where both organisms benefit e.g. oxpeckers lives on the back of the buffalo and in return, the oxpecker warns the buffalo of predators and eats the buffalos ticks
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What does the term specialist mean?
When a organism is highly adapted to a specific environment .e.g Giant pandas are adapted to just eat bamboo
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What does the term generalist mean?
When an organism is adapted to survive in a range of different habitats.e.g Black rats can survive in forests, cities and farmland
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What does it mean when an organism has biochemical adaptions?
Organisms that can tolerate extreme environments are called extremophiles.
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What are anatomical adaptations?
Features of an organisms body structure that helps it to survive.
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What are the anatomical adaptations to the cold?
1.having a thick coat or layer ofblubber to insulate the body.2.Having a small surface area to volume ratio to reduce heat lost through skin(larger organisms have smaller SA to volume ratio).3.Having counter-current heat exchange.
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What is counter-current heat exchange?
Blood vessels in feet are travelling in different directions but are close to each other to allow heat transfer between them. This means that the blood that travels back to the heart is warm and will keep the rest of the body warm, but feet cold
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Give an example of a behavioural adaptation to the cold
1.Species migrate to warmer climates to avoid cold seasons.2.Some species hibernate which saves energy and keeps them warm3. Some organisms huddle together e.g penguin
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Give an example of a behavioural adaptation to the heat
1. Some animals in hot places spend the day in shade or underground. 2. Some are more active at night when it is cooler. 3. Some animals increase heat loss by bathing in water .As the water evaporates, it takes the heat from their skin with it
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Give an example of an anatomical adaptation that increases heat loss
1.Small animals have large surface area to volume ration so they will lose heat.2Having large/thin ears increase surface are and there is more blood flow near skin surface 3.Some store fat in one part of body which stops insulation in other parts
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Give some examples of organisms that have adapted to dry environments by reducing water loss
Plants have a rounded shape to reduce surface area.2.Store water in stem.3.Animals have no sweat glands,spend a lot of time underground with more moisture
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What was Darwins Theory of natural selection?
He knew that organisms competed for resources so he thought that those which were best adapted woube better competetorsand more likely to survive, survival of the fittest.Then the better adapted organisms would reproduce and become more common
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Why didnt people agree with Darwins theory?
It went against religious beliefs that the earth was created by god. He couldnt explain why and how things were inherited because DNA wasnt discovered for another 50years. There wasnt enough evidence to convince scientists.
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Who was Lamarck?
He challenged Darwins theory by saying that organisms acquired characteristics that were passed onto their offspring.e.g a rabbit who ran a lot would get big leg muscles then their offspring would have big leg muscles too.
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What is Speciation?
The development of a new species .
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Why have people begun to accept his theory?
Because his theory has been tested by other scientists and his theory offers explanations for many observations of plants and animals.
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In the carbon cycle, what puts Carbon dioxide into the air?
Respiration, combustion,decay
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How does decay put carbon dioxide into the air?
Organisms are broken down by bacteria and fungi in the soil. The decomposers respire and release carbon dioxide as they break down the dead organism
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In the nitrogen cycle, what do decomposers do?Nitrifying bacteria?Nitrogen-Fixing bacteria?Denitrifying Bacteria?
Decomposers-decompose protein and urea into ammonia Nitrifying Bacteria-Turns ammonia into nitrates Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria- Turns nitrogen from air into nitrogen compounds for plants Denitrifying Bacteria-turns nitrates back to Nitrogen gas
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Why do living things need nitrogen?
The need them to make proteins for growth
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where do plants get their nitrogen from?
The soil which is why nitrogen in the air is turned into nitrates in the soil so the plants can get them
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How is nitrogen recycled in the nitrogen cycle?
Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down the proteins in dead animals and plants and in urea from organisms so the nitrogen in these substances are turned back into nitrates in the soil for plants.
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What is nitrogen fixation?
The process hen Nitrogen in the air(N2) is turned into nitrogen compound in the soil for plants. It can hhappen through lightning(so much energy makes nitrogen+oxygen react in air to produce nitrates) and Nitrogen fixing bacteria
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What type of relationship is there between plants and bacteria?
Mutualistic relationship because bacteria gets food from the plans and the plants get nitrogen compounds to make growth.
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What is the term given to the human population that is growing very quickly? Why is it growing so quickly?
Exponential growth and is caused when the populations birth rate is higher than the populations death rate.
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The bigger population produces more pollution, what does the increasing amount of pollution cause?
Global warming, Acid rain and ozone depletion
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What is meant by the term Carbon footprint?
The amount of greenhouse gases given off in a certain period of time by a person, business.etc
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What is ozone depletion?
CFCs were used in things such as aerosols but they break down the ozone in the atmosphere which allows more UV radiation to get into the earth. The UV radiation could cause skin cancer and kill plankton(bottom of the seas food chains so less food)
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How is acid rain caused?
Sulfurdioxide is produced when fossil fuels are burned and the sulfurdioxide reacts with the atmosphere to produce sulfuricacid which falls as acid rain.The rain can damage statues,soil,lakes more acidic-kills animals sensitive to pH change.
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What are Indicator species?
Organisms that indicate whether an area is polluted or not.
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What are Lichens used for?
(they show unpolluted air) Monitoring air pollution, the cleaner the air the more lichens there are
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What are Mayfly Larvae used for?
(they show unpolluted water) They cant live in polluted water so the cleaner the water the more mayfly larvae
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Which types of indicator species show that water is polluted?
Sludgeworms, rat-tailed maggots and water lice show polluted water but rat-tailed maggots and sludge worms show very high level of pollution.
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How do you measure the pollution levels?
1.Seeing the amount of indicator species are present(adv- cheap+easy/dis-other factors can affect amount of indicator species)2.you can measure pollution directly by using satellites to see where ozone layer is thin.(adv-reliable/dis-expensive)
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What does it mean when a species is endangered?
When a species has very few numbers left in the wild and they are at risk of becoming extinct.
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What does it mean when a species is extinct?
There is non of them left at all
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When does a species become at risk of extinction?
When the number of habitats(all their food and shelter), the number of individuals(less chance to find mates and reproduce) and Genetic variation fall below a critical level.
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What is genetic variation?
The number of different alleles and if there is a low genetic variation, then the species are less likely to adapt to changes in the environment and live with new diseases.
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What do conservation programmes do and how?
They help save endangered plants or animals. They make sure there is more genetic variation, they increase the viability of populations(so they are more likely to reproduce by having both male+females big enough to prevent inbreeding).
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The conservation programmes provide plenty of suitable habitats and allow predators to hunt prey, how does this help the species?
It gives them more available habitats and it allows them to have more interaction with other species like they would in a natural environment.
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How do the programmes help humans?
Protects human food supply, provides future medicines(e.g. if an undiscovered type of plant were to become extinct we may be missing out on a valuable medicine without knowing), Culture
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What does Sustainable Development mean?
Providing the needs of todays increasing population without harming the environment.
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What happens as the humans population increase? We use more...
We use more energy, we produce more food(so we need more land for faming) and we produce more waste.
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Give an example of what is being done to promote sustainable development
1Fishing quotas have been introduced to protect fish,such as cod, from extinction. 2. Laws have been introduced that mean that logging companies must plant new trees to replace the ones that they used.
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Card 2

Front

What are the two types of classification systems?

Back

Natural which is base on the evolutionary relationships and genetic similarities. And Artificial classification system which is based on their appearance so is used to identify them

Card 3

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Why do classification systems change over time?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a species?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is a hybrid?

Back

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