B15

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Who carried out the pea experiment?
Mendel
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What did Mendel discover?
That some characteristics are more dominant and never mixed
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How did Mendel explain his results?
Suggesting there were separate units of inherited material
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Why did people not understand Mendel?
The discovery of genes and chromosomes wasn't there
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What does Darwins theory of Evolution tell us?
By natural selection, all species of living things alive today have evolved from the first simple life forms
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What was Lamarck's theory of Evolution?
That the way organisms behaved affected the features of the body
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What did Lamarck think we evolved from?
Primitive worms
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What would happen to the offspring?
Any useful change would be passed on from the parent
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What were the problems with Lamarck's theory?
No evidence for foundation of life, quite clear big muscles not passed on
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How did Darwin discover his theory?
Travelled around world, looked at finches
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What was Darwins first main idea?
That individual organisms in a particular species tend to show a wide range of variation for each characteristic
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What was Darwins second main idea?
Reproduction always gives more offspring than environment can support. Organisms with inherited characteristics most suited to environment more sucessful
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What was Darwins third main idea?
When they breed they pass on the characteristics that enabled them to survive
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How did Darwin prove his theory?
He noted organisms on different island adapted via natural selection
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What is the first reason why Darwins theory was not accepted?
It challenged beliefs of religious people
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What is the second reason why Darwins theory was not accepted?
Not enough evidence
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What is the third reason why Darwins theory was not accepted?
Hard to understand, no mechanism
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What did Wallace discover on his trip?
Poorly adapted would die out leaving better adapted ones
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What is speciation?
Where a species become isolated and their characteristics change so much they can no longer breed to produce fertile offspring
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What is geographical isolation?
Two populations physically separated by a geographic feature
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What is environmental isolation?
Separation by climate changes
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What are fossils?
The remains of organisms from millions of years that are found preserved in rock, ice + other places
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What is one way a fossil may form?
Conditions for decay not present e.g. no oxygen, poisonous gases, temp,
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What is another way fossils are formed?
Harder part of animal or plant replaced with minerals as they decay and become a part of the rock
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What are mould fossils?
Formed when an organism is made in the mud and becomes fossilised
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What is the first step in fossilisation?
Reptile dies and falls to ground
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What is the second step in fossilisation?
Flesh rots, leaving skeleton which gets covered in sand, soil or clay
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What is the third step in fossilisation?
Protected over millions of years, skeleton becomes mineralised and turns to rock, rock shift in earth with fossil inside
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What is the fourth step in fossilisation?
Fossil emerges as rock moves and erosion takes place
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What are other fossils that can be found?
Preserved traces animals have left behind e.g. droppings and footprints
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Why is the fossil record not complete? ( 1st reason)
Many early life forms soft body,, so destroyed by geological acctivity
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Why is the fossil record not complete? ( 2nd reason)
Not the right conditions for fossilisation, they were rare
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Why is the fossil record not complete? ( 3rd reason)
Still more fossils to be found
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What can fossils show?
How much an organism has changed over time
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What is extinction?
Permanent loss of all members of a species
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What are causes of extinction?
Temp change, predators, disease, competitors,volcanic eruptions
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How can new predators cause extinction?
Wipe out prey quick
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How can new disease cause extinction?
Easily spreads between populations which are close together
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How can competition between species cause extinction?
New mutations give advantage, new species in new environment
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How can the fossil record show extinction?
Huge numbers of species disappear from the record
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What destroyed dinosaurs?
Asteroid
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How do scientists know this?
They found lots of iridium which is only formed during one
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What would the asteroid have caused?
Fires, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis
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Why did plants die during the asteroid hit?
Material blasted into atmosphere, made it dark, no light = no photosynthesis
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How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
Mutation, then breed
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How to prevent strains of bacteria appearing?
Not to overuse antibiotics, finish course, restrict agricultural use of antibiotics
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How should medical staff work to prevent bacteria spread?
Wash hands, disposable clothing
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How should hospitals work to prevent bacteria spread?
High standards of hygiene
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What should happen to patients who are contaminated with resistant bacteria?
Isolated
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What should visitors to hospitals and care homes do?
Wash hands
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Why is it unlikely antibiotics will keep up with resistant bacteria?
Takes long time, expensive
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What is classification?
Organisation of living things into groups according to similarities
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What is the classification system?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
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How to remember this?
Keep Ponds Clean Or Frogs Get Sick
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What is a species?
A group of organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring
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What are the simple rules for writing scientific names?
First name = genus w capital letter and species it belong w/o capital and two are underlined or in italics
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What is the classification above kingdom?
Domain
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What is archea?
Primitive forms of bacteria, including extremophiles, contains one kingdom archaebacteria
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What are extremophiles?
Bacteria that can survive in extreme conditions
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What are bacteria?
True bacteria and bacteria like organisms that can photosynthesise, one kingdom eubacteria
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What are Eukaryota?
All cells which have nucleus, 4 kingdoms, protista, fungi, plants, animals
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What did Mendel discover?

Back

That some characteristics are more dominant and never mixed

Card 3

Front

How did Mendel explain his results?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why did people not understand Mendel?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does Darwins theory of Evolution tell us?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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