B1- Cell Biology

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  • Created by: islaaa14
  • Created on: 20-12-18 15:14
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls the activities of the cell and contains genetic material
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What is the function of the chloroplasts?
Where most of the chemical reactions take place
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
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What is the function of the mitochondria?
Where aerobic respiration takes place
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What is the functions of the ribosomes?
Where proteins are synthesised (made)
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What is the function of a cell wall? (plant cells)
Made of cellulose which strengthens the cell
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What is the function of the permanent vacuole? (plant cells)
Filled with cell sap which supports the plant
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What is the function of the chloroplasts?
Absorb light to make food (glucose) by photosynthesis
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What cells are eukaryotic?
Plant, animal and fungi
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What cells are prokaryotic?
Bacteria
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How are prokaryotic cells different to eukaryotic cells?
Much smaller in size, genetic material not in a nucleus, genetic material in a single DNA loop, may be one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids, no mitochondria or chloroplasts
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What are the shapes of bacterial cells?
Spherical, spiral, rod, curved rod
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What roles does the cytoplasm take over in bacteria cells?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
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What are flagellas?
Tail-like structures that move the bacteria
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What do plasmids allow bacterial cells to do?
Move genes from one cell to another
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What is the size of a typical plant cell?
0.1mm
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What is the size of a typical animal cell?
0.02mm
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What is the size of prokaryotic cells?
0.002mm long
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Put these in order from smallest to largest: centimetre, nanometre, micrometre, millimetre
Nanometre, micrometre, millimetre, centimetre
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What is resolution?
The ability to see two or more objects as separate objects
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When was the light microscope developed?
In the 16th century
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When was the electron microscope first used?
1933
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Explain the method of the light microscope RP
Place tissue sample on microscope slide, add drops of stain, put coverslip on tissue, place slide on microscope stage, focus on cells with low power, change to high power then refocus, draw what you see, add a scale line to diagram
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What does magnification mean?
How many times larger the microscope image is than the real object
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What is the equation for magnification?
Magnification= size of image / size of real object
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What do chromosomes carry?
Hundreds to thousands of genes
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What are genes?
'Code' to make different proteins and control the development of different characteristics
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How are chromosomes found in body cells?
In pairs, one chromosome from each parent
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How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
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What is the cell cycle?
A cells series of changes involving growth and division
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What does mitosis mean?
When the cell divides into two identical cells
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What needs to happen before mitosis?
Grow and increase sub=cellular structures like ribosomes and mitochondria, and the the DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
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What is the process of mitosis?
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell, the nucleus divides, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical cells
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Why is mitosis important/useful?
Growth and development of mutli-cellular organisms, repairing damaged tissue, asexual reproduction
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What does it mean when cells are differentiated?
Cells that haven't yet been specialised
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What can undifferentiated cells divide to make?
Stem cells
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Where are stem cells found?
In human embryos, in umbilical cords, in some organs and tissues
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Where are adult stem cells found?
In some organs and tissues such as bone marrow
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What cells and adult stem cells make?
Certain type of cells as their capacity to divide is limited
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What are the uses of stem cells?
Treating conditions where the stem cells are not working properly, such as in diabetes or paralysis
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What is therapeutic cloning?
Where a cloned embryo of the patient may be made and used as a source of stem cells
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?Why are stem cells useful in treating the patient?
As they will not be rejected
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What are the risks of taking stem cells from cloned embryos?
Viral infection, ethical or religious objections
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Where are stem cells found in plants?
In the meristems
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What do meristems do?
Allow plants to make new cells for growth, or the stem cells could be used to clone plants quickly
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Why is plant cloning useful?
Rare species can be cloned which protects them from extinction, large numbers of identical crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be made
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What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until they are evenly spread out.
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What are examples of diffusion?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse during gas exchange in lungs, gills and plant leaves, urea diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for excretion by the kidney, digested food molecules from the small intestine diffuse into the blood.
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What does dilute mean?
Lots of water, low concentration
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What does concentrated mean?
Less water, high concentration
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What are factors effecting diffusion?
Difference in concentration (concentration gradient), temperature, surface area of membrane
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What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
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Explain the osmosis RP
Cut some cylinders of potato tissue and measure their mass. Place cylinders in different concentrations of sugar solutions. After 30 minutes remove cylinders and measure mass again.
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What were the results of the osmosis RP?
If potato cylinders don't lose or gain water, the both concentrations must be the same. Change in mass means the potatoes have gained or lost mass through osmosis.
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What should you be sure to remember in this RP?
Leave cylinders long enough so a change can occur (30 minutes) Before measuring mass of potato again, roll them on tissue paper to remove any excess solution Take care when cutting potato
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What is active transport?
Moves substances against a concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher conecntration.
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What is needed for active transport to happen?
Energy from respiration
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What does active transport allow?
Mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil, sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood, which has a higher concentration
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How is a sperm cell specialised?
Tail to move sperm, nucleus containing 1 set of genetic material, acrosome containing enzymes allowing sperm to penetrate egg, many mitochondria to provide energy
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How is a nerve cell specialised?
Nerve cell is extended so nerves can run to and from different parts of the body to the CNS, dendrites to communicate with other nerve cells, muscles and glands, covered with a fatty sheath that insulates the cell and speeds up nerve impulses
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How is a muscle cell specialised?
Filaments of protein that slide over each other cause muscle contractions, arrangement of filaments causes banded appearance of heart and skeletal muscle, have many advanced mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction
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How is a root hair cell specialised?
Lots of mitochondria for active transport of minerals, long projection to increase the surface area to absorb water and minerals
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How is a xylem cell specialised?
No top and bottom walls between xylem vessels, so there is a continuous column of water running through them, Their walls become thickened and woody to support the plant
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How is a phloem cell specialised?
Dissolved sugars and amino acids can be transported both up and down the stem, companion cells adjacent to the sieve tubes provide energy required tnion cells, adjao transport substances in the phloem
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What is the function of the chloroplasts?

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Where most of the chemical reactions take place

Card 3

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What is the function of the cell membrane?

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Card 4

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What is the function of the mitochondria?

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Card 5

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What is the functions of the ribosomes?

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