B1.1

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  • Created by: elisha.ks
  • Created on: 18-02-17 13:41
what is a healthy diet
right balance of different foods and right amount of energy
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what are carbohydrates, fats and proteins used for
to release energy and build cells
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what are vitamins and minerals needed for
healthy functioning of the body
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what does an unbalanced diet cause
malnourishment
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what can malnourishment lead to
being underweight or overweight
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what can an unbalanced diet also lead to
deficiency diseases or conditions such as Type 2 diabetes
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what is metabolic rate
rate at which all chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out
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what does metabolic rate vary with
amount of activity you do, proportion of muscle to fat, may be affected by inherited factors
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why are people who exercise regularly usually healthier than those who do little exercise
it increases amount of energy used, decreases amount stored as fat and builds muscle to boost metabolic rate
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how does someone lose mass
when the energy content of the food taken in < the amount of energy expended
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what does exercise do
increases the amount of energy expended by the body
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what do inherited factors affect
health, eg. cholesterol level
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what are pathogens
microorganisms that cause infectious disease
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what are bacteria
cells that can reproduce rapidly inside the body, can produce poisons (toxins) which make us feel ill
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what are viruses
NOT cells, can reproduce rapidly inside the body, can produce poisons (toxins) which make us feel ill
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what do viruses also do
damage the cells in which they reproduce
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3 things in respiratory tract that stop things entering the body
skin, hairs and mucus
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what are platelets and what do they do
small fragments of cells, help blood clot to seal woulds, prevent microorganisms entering through clots
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how white blood cells defend against pathogens 1
ingest pathogens
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how white blood cells defend against pathogens 2
produce antibodies: which destroy particular bacteria or viruses
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how white blood cells defend against pathogens 3
produce antitoxins: which counteract the toxins released by pathogens
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What does the immune system produce
specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen
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what makes cells unique
the antigens on its surface
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what happens when the specific antibody is produced
person becomes immune to that pathogen
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what is a vaccination
dead or inactive forms of pathogen stimulates production of antibodies by white blood cells to destroy pathogens
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what does a vaccination cause and how
immunity to future infections by the microorganism, body can respond by rapidly making the correct antibody, in the same way as if the person had previously had the disease
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what is the MMR vaccine
protects children against mumps, measles and rubella
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advantages of vaccines
helped control lots of infectious diseases that used to be common n UK, if a large proportion of the population is immune to the pathogen epidemics can be prevented
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disadvantages of vaccines
don't always work sometimes don't give immunity, can cause a bad reaction (rare)
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what do painkillers do
help reduce symptoms of infectious disease but don't kill the pathogens
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what do antibiotics do and an example
penicillin, help cure the bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside the body
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what can't antibiotics be used for
killing viral pathogens
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why's it difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses
it damages the bodies tissues as viral pathogens live and reproduce inside cells
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what should specific bacteria be treated with
specific antibodies
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what has the use of antibiotics done
reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases
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what has overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics done
increased the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
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what did Semmelweis recognise
importance of hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious disease
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what did he do and what did this cause
insist doctors washed hands before examining patients which reduced number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital
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what do we now know
basic hygiene is essential in controlling disease
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what have many strains of bacteria developed
including MRSA, developed resistance to antibiotics as a result of natural selection
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how can further resistance be prevented
avoid over-use of antibiotics
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how does resistance in bacteria develop
mutations of pathogens produces new, resistant strains
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what is no longer effective against the new strain
antibiotics and vaccinations
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why will the new strain spread rapidly
people aren't immune to it and there's no effective treatment
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what do antibiotics do
kill individual pathogens of the non-resistant strain
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what do the individual resistant pathogens therefore do
survive and reproduce, so the resistant strain's population increases
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what are antibiotics now not used for
treatment of non-serious infections, such as mild throat infections
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what has this resulted in
rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down
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the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria necessitates...
the development of new antibiotics
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what are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms required for
investigating the action of disinfectants and antibodies
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Method step 1
Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised before use to kill unwanted microorganisms
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Method step 2
inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame
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Method step 3
the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture.
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maximum temperature for school/college laboratories
cultures should be incubated 25 °C
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what does this reduce
the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans
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what do higher temps in industrial conditions produce
more rapid growth
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Card 2

Front

what are carbohydrates, fats and proteins used for

Back

to release energy and build cells

Card 3

Front

what are vitamins and minerals needed for

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what does an unbalanced diet cause

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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what can malnourishment lead to

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