attachment
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- Created by: A.Jayde Rad
- Created on: 18-02-23 18:01
What are Schaffer and Emerson's stages of attachment?
1. Indiscriminate attachments
2. The beginnings of attachment
3. Discriminate attachment
4. Multiple attachments
2. The beginnings of attachment
3. Discriminate attachment
4. Multiple attachments
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Indiscriminate attachments
* birth- 2 months
* infants produce similar responses to all objects.
* towards the end of this period, they show preference to social stimuli.
* reciprocity and interactional synchrony play a role in establishing the infants relationships with others.
* infants produce similar responses to all objects.
* towards the end of this period, they show preference to social stimuli.
* reciprocity and interactional synchrony play a role in establishing the infants relationships with others.
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The beginnings of attachment
* four months
* infants prefer human company to inanimate objects.
* can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
*relatively easily comforted by anyone.
* infants prefer human company to inanimate objects.
* can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
*relatively easily comforted by anyone.
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Discriminate attachment
*seven months
*separation anxiety
* formed primary attachment figure.
*stranger anxiety.
*separation anxiety
* formed primary attachment figure.
*stranger anxiety.
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multiple attachments
* soon after main attachment is formed, the infant also develops a wider circle of multiple attachments.
*Schaffer and Emerson found that within 1 month of first becoming attached, 29% of the infants had multiple attachments to someone else (secondary at
*Schaffer and Emerson found that within 1 month of first becoming attached, 29% of the infants had multiple attachments to someone else (secondary at
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What was the study conducted by Schaffer and Emerson on the development of attachments?
* Sixty infants- mainly working-class homes- Glasgow.
* infants studied from age 5-23 weeks until 1yr.
* mothers visited every 4 weeks. At each visit, mothers reported their infants response to separation (intensity of protests and who directed to)
* st
* infants studied from age 5-23 weeks until 1yr.
* mothers visited every 4 weeks. At each visit, mothers reported their infants response to separation (intensity of protests and who directed to)
* st
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Evaluate the development of attachment (Schaffer and Emerson)
* data based on mothers reports- unreliable.
* Biased sample- from working class in 1960's.
* Rutter- all attachments are equal.
* cultural variations- individualist vs. collectivist.
* problems with stage theories- suggest development is inflexible- lea
* Biased sample- from working class in 1960's.
* Rutter- all attachments are equal.
* cultural variations- individualist vs. collectivist.
* problems with stage theories- suggest development is inflexible- lea
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imprinting
an innate readiness to form a strong bond with the mother.
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Lorenz Procedure
goose eggs incubated so the first living thing they saw was either their natural mother or Lorenz.
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Lorenz findings
Goslings imprinted on Lorenz and followed him.
Imprinting must happen in critical period
Imprinting must happen in critical period
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features of imprinting
* irreversible and long lasting.
* early imprinting has an effect on later mate preferences (sexual imprinting).
* early imprinting has an effect on later mate preferences (sexual imprinting).
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evaluation of imprinting
* Research support- Guiton- chicks exposed to yellow rubber gloves became imprinted and tried to mate with them.
* criticisms- Guiton could reverse imprinting- imprinting is not irreversible.
imprinting is "plastic and forgiving"- Hoffman.
* criticisms- Guiton could reverse imprinting- imprinting is not irreversible.
imprinting is "plastic and forgiving"- Hoffman.
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Harlow procedure
wire 'mothers'
one cloth covered
feeding bottle attached to one or other
one cloth covered
feeding bottle attached to one or other
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Harlow findings
monkeys spent most time with cloth covered 'mother' whether or not feeding bottle attached.
This shows that infants don't develop attachments to the person who feeds them, but to the person offering contact comfort.
This shows that infants don't develop attachments to the person who feeds them, but to the person offering contact comfort.
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What were the long lasting effects of Harlow's research?
* motherless monkeys developed abnormally.
> socially abnormal- froze or fled when approached by other monkeys.
> sexually abnormal- did not show normal mating behaviour and did not cradle their own babies.
*found critical period for these effects- recov
> socially abnormal- froze or fled when approached by other monkeys.
> sexually abnormal- did not show normal mating behaviour and did not cradle their own babies.
*found critical period for these effects- recov
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Evaluation of Harlow's research
* different heads= confounding variable. Therefore, the conclusions lack internal validity.
* Generalisable to humans?
* ethics- long lasting emotional harm. Benefits outweigh the costs?
* Generalisable to humans?
* ethics- long lasting emotional harm. Benefits outweigh the costs?
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interactional synchrony
when two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movements. This includes imitating emotions as well as behaviours.
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reciprocity
responding to the action of another with a similar action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other.
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attachment
an emotional bond between two people. It is a two way process that endures over time . It leads to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity seeking, and serves the function of protecting an infant.
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Who conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony?
Meltzoff and Moore
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Meltzoff and Moore interactional synchrony procedure
Adult displayed facial expression/ hand gesture and the child's response was filmed on video.
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Meltzoff and Moore interactional synchrony findings
There was an association between infant behaviour and that of the adult model.
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evaluate caregiver- infant interactions
*problems testing infant behaviour.
* other studies have failed to replicate the findings of Meltzoff and Moore.
* Abravanel and DeYong- Infants made little response to inanimate objects- infants make specific social responses.
*individual differences.
* other studies have failed to replicate the findings of Meltzoff and Moore.
* Abravanel and DeYong- Infants made little response to inanimate objects- infants make specific social responses.
*individual differences.
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What is the main premise of the learning theory of attachment?
attachment is learned rather than inherited.
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How does classical conditioning explain the development of attachment?
new conditioned response learned through association between a neutral stimulus (mother) and an unconditioned stimulus (food).
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How does operant conditioning explain the development of attachment?
the reduction of discomfort created by hunger is rewarding, so food becomes a primary reinforcer, associated with mother who becomes secondary reinforcer.
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How does Social learning theory explain attachments?
Children model parents' attachment behaviours (Hay and Vespo)
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Evaluate learning theory of attachment
* learning theory is based on animal studies.
* Attachment is not based on food (Harlow).
* Infants do learn through association and reinforcement, but food may not be the main reinforcer. Learning theory may not provide a complete account but still has s
* Attachment is not based on food (Harlow).
* Infants do learn through association and reinforcement, but food may not be the main reinforcer. Learning theory may not provide a complete account but still has s
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How does Social learning theory explain attachments?
Children model parents' attachment behaviours (Hay and Vespo)
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Evaluate learning theory of attachment
* learning theory is based on animal studies.
* Attachment is not based on food (Harlow).
* Infants do learn through association and reinforcement, but food may not be the main reinforcer. Learning theory may not provide a complete account but still has s
* Attachment is not based on food (Harlow).
* Infants do learn through association and reinforcement, but food may not be the main reinforcer. Learning theory may not provide a complete account but still has s
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How does Social learning theory explain attachments?
Children model parents' attachment behaviours (Hay and Vespo)
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Evaluate learning theory of attachment
* learning theory is based on animal studies.
* Attachment is not based on food (Harlow).
* Infants do learn through association and reinforcement, but food may not be the main reinforcer. Learning theory may not provide a complete account but still has s
* Attachment is not based on food (Harlow).
* Infants do learn through association and reinforcement, but food may not be the main reinforcer. Learning theory may not provide a complete account but still has s
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Indiscriminate attachments
Back
* birth- 2 months
* infants produce similar responses to all objects.
* towards the end of this period, they show preference to social stimuli.
* reciprocity and interactional synchrony play a role in establishing the infants relationships with others.
* infants produce similar responses to all objects.
* towards the end of this period, they show preference to social stimuli.
* reciprocity and interactional synchrony play a role in establishing the infants relationships with others.
Card 3
Front
The beginnings of attachment
Back
Card 4
Front
Discriminate attachment
Back
Card 5
Front
multiple attachments
Back
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