Attachment

Schaffer and emerson 1

^0 babies-31 male,29 female, glasgow from skilled working class families,visited the home every month for the first year and at 18 months,asked mothers questions about the kind of protest babies showed in everyday separations, e.g adult leaving room,

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Schaffer and emerson 2

a measure of separation anxiety, and they tested stranger anxiety. The data showed that between 25and 32 weeks, around 50% of the babies showed signs of separation anxiety toward a particular adult,to the care giver who showed reciprocity. By 40 week

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Schaffer and emerson 3

s 80% had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments

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Stage 1

schaffer and emerson-asocial stage,first few weeks, baby's behaviour towards non-human objects and humans is quite similar, happier in the presence of humans

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stage 2

indiscriminate attachment-2-7 months,preference to people over unanimate objects, accept comfort from any adult, no separation or stranger anxiety.

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stage 3

specific attachment-7 months,display stranger and separation anxiety, from one particular adult, usually the mother (65%) known as the primary attachment figure,who is the one who offers the most interaction and responds to the baby's signals best.

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stage 4

multiple attachments-shortly after stage 3, babies form multiple attachments with other adults whom they regularly spend time with called secondary attachments, 29% had these within a month of forming primary attachments, by 1 year many have multiple

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Lorenz's research 1

ethologist who conducted animal studies, classic experiment where he randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs, half hatched to see him, the others with their mum. The incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere whereas the control group followed mum, e

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Lorenz's research 2

ven when mixed up.This is imprinting-there is a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place depending on the species.

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sexual imprinting

Lorenz described a peacock who was raised in a reptile house in a zoo where the first moving object was a giant tortoise. The peacock then only showed signs of courtship to giant tortoises.

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Harlow's research 1

rhesus monkeys, he reared 16 baby monkeys with a wire model with milk and a cloth model without milk, in another condition, the cloth mother had milk and the wire didn't. The babies cuddles the sof mother and sought comfort from it when they were sca

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Harlow's research 2

red, regardless of which had milk. This showed that contact comfort was more important than food in attachment behaviour.

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Harlow continued 1

Harlow followed the monkeys deprived of a real mother into adulthood and found they were more dysfunctional, aggressive and less sociable, even neglecting their own babies or killing them, showing maternal deprivation has a huge effect on behaviour.

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Harlow continued 2

He concluded that there was a critical period of 90 days for bay monkeys to form an attachment, after which it was impossible and the damage done by early deprivation became irreversible.

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Learning theory of attachment

dollard and miller-classical conditioning, operant conditioning attachment is a secondary drive, hunger is the primary drive and is an innate biological motivator to eat. sears suggested caregivers are associated with food so hunger is associated.

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Bowlby's monotropic theory 1

proposed an evolutionary explanation,believed a child's attachment to one caregiver is different and more important that others and made 2 principles:law of continuity-more constant and predictable a child's care, better quality of attachment, law of

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toBowlby's monotropic therory 2

accumulated separation-the effects of every separation from the mother add up and the safest does is therefore a zero dose.

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Social releasers

Bowlby suggested that babies are born with a set of innate behaviours like smiling that encourage attention from adults,called social releasers, to activate the adult attachment system and it is reciprocal.

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Critical period

Bowlby proposed there is a critical period around 2 years where the infant attachment system is activated, which is more of a sensitive period, after which it is harder to form attachments.

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internal working model

Bowlby proposed that a child forms a mental representation with their primary caregiver, which is a mental representation of our attachments that affect future relationships-cookie cutter.

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Strange situation 1 procedure

Ainsworth-controlled observation to judge stranger and separation anxiety,response to reunion, exploration and secure base behaviour, and response to reunion, with 8 episodes, each lasting 3 minutes.

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Strange situation 2 procedure

The child and caregiver enter an unfarmiliar playroom, the child is encouraged to explore(tests exploration and secure base), a stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child(stranger anx), the caregiver leaves the child and stranger together

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Strange situation 3 procedure

(separation and stranger anx),the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves(reunion and exploration, secure base), the caregiver leaves child alone(sep anx), the stranger returns(stranger anx), the caregiver returns and is reunited with child(reunion

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Strange situation 1 findings

secure attachment(B) children explore happily but regularly go back to caregiver(proximity seeking and secure base behaviour), moderate separation and stranger anx,require and accept comfort at reunion, 60-75% British toddlers

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Strange situation 2 findings

Insecure-avoidant attachment(A)explore freely and don't seek proximity or secure base behaviour,little or no reaction when caregiver leaves, little effort to make contact at reunion, little stranger anx, don't require comfort at reunion, 20-25%

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Strange situation 3 findings

Insecure-resistant(C)seek greater proximity so explore less,huge stranger and separation anxiety, but resist comfort at reunion, 3%

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Cultural variations

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg-located 32 studies using strange situation in 8 countries, 15 were american, 1990 children-meta analysis. In all countries, secure was most common

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cultural variations

However, it did vary from 75%britain to 50% china. Insecure resistant was least common, 3% in britain, 30% in israel. Insecure avoidant were observed most commonly in germany and least common in japan, variations within the same country were 150% hig

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other cultural variations

Simonella conducted a study in Italy, assessed 76 12 month olds using strange situation, 50% were secure, 36% insecure avoidant, suggests this is because increasing numbers of mothers of v.young children work long hours.

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other cultural variations

Jin-87 children strange situation, most were secure, more insecure resistant than avoidant.

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Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation 1

first 30 months is the critical period, maternal deprivation can lead to lack of intellectual development, with lower IQ's-goldfarb found lower IQ children were in institutions than fostered ones.

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Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation 2

emotional development is lacking and many show affectionless psychopathy, the inability to experience guiltor strong emotions to others.

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Bowlby's 44 thieves study 1

sample of 44 criminal teens accused of stealing-interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy, families were also interviewed to see if thieves had prolonged separation from mothers, a control group of non criminal but emotionally disturbed teen

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Bowlby's 44 thieves study 2

s were also interviewed. Found that 14 of 44 thieves were described as affectionless psychopaths, in which 12 had experienced prolonged separation in the first 2 years of life. only 5 of the others had prolonged separation. in the control group, 2/44

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Bowlby's 44 thieves study 3

experienced long separations.

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Rutter's english and romanian adoptee study

Rutter-165 romanian orphans adopted in britain, assessed cognitive and emotional development at ages 4,6,11 and 15 years, a grouo of 52 british children adopted at the same time were the control group

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Rutter's english and romanian adoptee study findings

When they arrived in the uk, half showed signs of mental retardation and the majority were severely malnourished, at 11, the kids showed rates of recovery relating to their age of adoption. The mean IQ before 6 months was 102, compared with 86 for th

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Rutter's english and romanian adoptee study findings

ose after, and 77 after 2 years, these differences remained up until 16 years. after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment.

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Bucharest early intervention study

Zeanah assessed 95 children ages 12-31monthswho sepnt around 90% of life in institutional care.They were compared to a control group of 50 kids who never lived in institutions and used the strange situation.Carers were asked about unusual behaviour.

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Bucharest early intervention study findings

74% of the control were securely attached, but only 19% of the institutionalised kids, with 65% being classified as disorganised attachment, 44% had disinhibited attachment as opposed to less than 20% of the controls.

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effects of institutionalisation

disinhibited attachment-equally friendly and affectionate to people they know and strangers, adaptation to living with multiple caregivers in the sensitive period. Mental retardation-adoptees before age of 6 months caught up by 4 yo.-id -6 months

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Relationships in late childhood

securely attached form best friendships, wilson and smith assessed bullying using standard questionnaires in 196 kids aged 7-11 from London, insecure avoidant most likely victims, resistant the bullies, secure uninvolved

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Adulthood relationships

McCarthy studied 40 women-securely attached had best adult relationships and insecure resistant had the worst.

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Adult relationships study 1

Hazan and shaver conducted a classic study-analysed 620 replies to a love quiz in the american local newspaper, with 3 sections, current relationships, general love experience, and best statement to match them. 56% were securely attached with 25% ins

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adult relationships study 2

ecure avoidant and 19% insecure resistant

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Attachment

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