The universal energy currency in cells which drives metabolic reactions
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What does light provide in photosynthesis?
The energy needed to form chemical bonds (such as ATP which, when hydrolysed, releases the energy needed to form glucose)
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In respiration, how is glucose used?
The bonds are broken and energy is released which is used to synthesise ATP, which is then used in metabolic activity.
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What is Chemiosmosis?
The diffusion of protons from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane
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How does chemiosmosis release energy to synthesis ATP?
The movement of the protons down the concentration gradient releases the energy required to synthesise ATP
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For chemiosmosis to occur, what does it depend on?
The creation of the proton concentration gradient and the energy to do so comes from excited electrons
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How are electrons excited?
Electrons in pigment molecules are excited by photons from the sun (eg chlorophyll) and when chemical bonds are broken in respiratory substrate molecules (eg glucose)
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How do excited electrons generate a proton gradient?
They pass through an electron transport chain
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What is an electron transport chain?
A chain made up of electron carriers in the membrane each with a progressively lower energy level
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How is energy released from an electron transport chain?
The excited electrons move down the electron transport chain, it releases energy
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What is the energy used for?
To pump protons (H+) across the membrane to create a proton concentration gradient
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How is the gradient maintained?
The membrane is impermeable to hydrogen ions
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How can the protons move back?
Through hydrophilic membrane channels, down their concentration gradient
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What is ATP synthase?
An enzyme that synthesises ATP, with the help from the energy from protons flowing through the channels (chemiosmosis), it is attached to the hydrophilic membrane channels
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What does light provide in photosynthesis?
Back
The energy needed to form chemical bonds (such as ATP which, when hydrolysed, releases the energy needed to form glucose)
Card 3
Front
In respiration, how is glucose used?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is Chemiosmosis?
Back
Card 5
Front
How does chemiosmosis release energy to synthesis ATP?
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