Assesed when measuring the extent to which different observers achieve similar results when scoring/observing the same participants
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When is observer reliability achieved?
Achieved when a significant positive correlation is found between the scores of different observers
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What is the ‘split half method’?
This is where two different parts of a psychological interview or study, e.g. odd and even questions are compared and correlated.
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What is the ‘test-retest’ method?
Test-retest method – stability of a test/ questionnaire over time, e.g. presenting same test or questionnaire to same participants on two separate occasions
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What is internal validity?
Internal validity describes the likelihood that the IV actually had an effect on the DV and that it was not due to another extraneous factor, e.g. extraneous variables.
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Describe what is means when a piece of research is criticised for having low external validity ?
Low external validity – the extent to which the results of a study can be generalised to other settings outside of the research setting.
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Describe what ecological validity means?
Ecological validity – the extent to which research findings can be generalised to other places/situations outside of the original research setting.
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When might a research study have low population validity?
Have low population validity when the original research study sample size is either too small or biased in some way, e.g. had used opportunity sampling.
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What is a pilot study?
A mini-study which acts as a small scale practice run through of procedures using a small number of participants..
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How can extraneous variables be controlled.. e.g. order effects?
By using independent groups design, split-half method, double-blind technique.
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What is a null hypothesis?
A predictive statement which suggests there was no difference between the control and experimental groups.
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Give an advantage of using a repeated measures design..
Reduced individual differences between your participants, e.g. IQ, ability, etc.
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What two ways would you overcome using deception in a study
1-Debrief 2- Presumptive consent.
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What is a scattergram?
Graph displaying strength of correlational relationship between two variables.
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What does the standard deviation show?
The spread of scores around the mean score using percentage terms, e.g. 1SD= 68% of scores, 2SD 95% of scores
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What is content analysis?
A method of analysing magazine, paper, internet or visual media using categories and looking for themes between the variables in question.
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When would you need to draw a line graph (frequency polygon)?
When you want to visually show differences between two groups ( you will need to have interval, ordinal or ratio data).
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What data type would you have if you drew a bar chart?
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