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6. A nationwide contagion is an epidemic. An international contagion is referred to as a...

  • Terrademic
  • Indemic
  • Pandemic
  • Intrademic

7. Which of the following is an accurate description of vaccines can develop immunity?

  • Dead or inactive forms of the relevant pathogen pass into the body's blood vessels; the body's pores and epithelial tissues then develop preventative mucuses and acidic compounds that will trap and kill these pathogens in the future
  • The vaccine contains no pathogens, but does contain enzymes that catalyse and improve leukocytic protein synthesis; this means that white blood cells become stronger, and can produce more effective antibodies and antitoxins
  • Dead or inactive forms of the relevant pathogen are injected into the patient. The patient's white blood cells then respond by learning and emitting the appropriate antibodies and antitoxins, remembering these for the future
  • The vaccine contains raw antibodies, antitoxins, and, in certain cases, additional white blood cells, that are then stored by the body, for immediate release if the corresponding pathogens enter the body. Leukocytes must match antigenic composition

8. Genetic alterations can result in a new forms of pathogens. These new forms may develop into entire strands of antibiotic resistant bacteria through...

  • Selective inheritance
  • Genetic descendancy
  • Natural selection
  • The theory of acquired characteristics

9. What is the main reason it is medically beneficial to grow and investigate cultures of microorganisms?

  • The effectiveness of specialised scientific equipment in dealing with microorganisms can be observed
  • Medical researchers can earn money! ;)
  • Their reactions to various new antibiotics can be observed, to see the effectiveness of a developing drug
  • Their reproductive rate under different conditions can be observed, and thus accurate prognoses and medical predictions made

10. The two main types of pathogen are...

  • Bacteria and viruses
  • Bacteria and yeast
  • Viruses and bactrians
  • Bacteria and ventriculators

11. 'Pathogen' is synonymous with (another word for) 'disease'. True or false?

  • False: Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease, they are not the disease themselves
  • True: Pathogens are the microscopic embodiment of any given disease

12. Why did many medical professionals not initially accept Semmelweis's proposal?

  • Pathogens had not been discovered, so he could not prove why this would make a difference
  • He was only a young doctor, who had made no former discoveries
  • His suggestion appeared to counteract previous findings by other scientists
  • The fatality rate in hospitals was relatively low anyway, and they didn't think it mattered

13. Which of the following is the name for the small poisonous substances emitted by pathogens?

  • Toxilla
  • Toxins
  • Toxans
  • Toxicons

14. A seemingly random alteration in the composition of genetic material during its mitotic replication in asexual reproduction is referred to as a...

  • Modification
  • Mutation
  • Skeuomorph
  • Variation

15. The skin prevents many pathogens entering the body. Which of the following is another bodily defence mechanism?

  • Pathogens become trapped by mucus, and are killed by the stomach's hydrochloric acid
  • Epidermal pores secrete a toxin deadly to most pathogens, but undetectable to us without scientific equipment
  • The body's microvilli ingest and destroy pathogens
  • Salivary enzymes, such as amylase, break down the microorganisms until they're ineffective

16. Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis employed what method of infection prevention in many hospitals?

  • Hand washing before treatments and between wards
  • Use of disinfectant on all medical instruments following use
  • The wearing of face masks by all medical staff
  • The Semmelweis ward rotation method for patients

17. Some vaccines may have detrimental, even dangerous side effects. True or false?

  • True: Vaccines cause immunity, but also, sometimes, other ailments; it is worth contracting a short-term mild illness for entire prevention of a more serious one, however, most people argue
  • False: Vaccines are entirely safe; immunity is not worth the risk of contraction of another disease, most people argue

18. Which of the following is not a potential form of contamination for laboratory cultures of non-pathogenic bacteria?

  • Skin
  • Water
  • Hair
  • Air
  • Agar jelly
  • Laboratory equipment

19. Who discovered penicillin, perhaps the most famous antibiotic?

  • Charles Darwin, FRS
  • Rosalind Franklin
  • Sir Alexander Fleming, FRSE, FRS, FRCS
  • Rt. Hon. Ernest Rutherord, Baron of Nelson, OM, FRS

20. Which of the following factors does not affect metabolic rate?

  • Size of the organism
  • Proportion of muscle to fat
  • Inherited factors
  • Physical activity