6. A nationwide contagion is an epidemic. An international contagion is referred to as a...
Terrademic
Indemic
Pandemic
Intrademic
7. Which of the following is an accurate description of vaccines can develop immunity?
Dead or inactive forms of the relevant pathogen pass into the body's blood vessels; the body's pores and epithelial tissues then develop preventative mucuses and acidic compounds that will trap and kill these pathogens in the future
The vaccine contains no pathogens, but does contain enzymes that catalyse and improve leukocytic protein synthesis; this means that white blood cells become stronger, and can produce more effective antibodies and antitoxins
Dead or inactive forms of the relevant pathogen are injected into the patient. The patient's white blood cells then respond by learning and emitting the appropriate antibodies and antitoxins, remembering these for the future
The vaccine contains raw antibodies, antitoxins, and, in certain cases, additional white blood cells, that are then stored by the body, for immediate release if the corresponding pathogens enter the body. Leukocytes must match antigenic composition
8. Genetic alterations can result in a new forms of pathogens. These new forms may develop into entire strands of antibiotic resistant bacteria through...
Selective inheritance
Genetic descendancy
Natural selection
The theory of acquired characteristics
9. What is the main reason it is medically beneficial to grow and investigate cultures of microorganisms?
The effectiveness of specialised scientific equipment in dealing with microorganisms can be observed
Medical researchers can earn money! ;)
Their reactions to various new antibiotics can be observed, to see the effectiveness of a developing drug
Their reproductive rate under different conditions can be observed, and thus accurate prognoses and medical predictions made
10. The two main types of pathogen are...
Bacteria and viruses
Bacteria and yeast
Viruses and bactrians
Bacteria and ventriculators
11. 'Pathogen' is synonymous with (another word for) 'disease'. True or false?
False: Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease, they are not the disease themselves
True: Pathogens are the microscopic embodiment of any given disease
12. Why did many medical professionals not initially accept Semmelweis's proposal?
Pathogens had not been discovered, so he could not prove why this would make a difference
He was only a young doctor, who had made no former discoveries
His suggestion appeared to counteract previous findings by other scientists
The fatality rate in hospitals was relatively low anyway, and they didn't think it mattered
13. Which of the following is the name for the small poisonous substances emitted by pathogens?
Toxilla
Toxins
Toxans
Toxicons
14. A seemingly random alteration in the composition of genetic material during its mitotic replication in asexual reproduction is referred to as a...
Modification
Mutation
Skeuomorph
Variation
15. The skin prevents many pathogens entering the body. Which of the following is another bodily defence mechanism?
Pathogens become trapped by mucus, and are killed by the stomach's hydrochloric acid
Epidermal pores secrete a toxin deadly to most pathogens, but undetectable to us without scientific equipment
The body's microvilli ingest and destroy pathogens
Salivary enzymes, such as amylase, break down the microorganisms until they're ineffective
16. Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis employed what method of infection prevention in many hospitals?
Hand washing before treatments and between wards
Use of disinfectant on all medical instruments following use
The wearing of face masks by all medical staff
The Semmelweis ward rotation method for patients
17. Some vaccines may have detrimental, even dangerous side effects. True or false?
True: Vaccines cause immunity, but also, sometimes, other ailments; it is worth contracting a short-term mild illness for entire prevention of a more serious one, however, most people argue
False: Vaccines are entirely safe; immunity is not worth the risk of contraction of another disease, most people argue
18. Which of the following is not a potential form of contamination for laboratory cultures of non-pathogenic bacteria?
Skin
Water
Hair
Air
Agar jelly
Laboratory equipment
19. Who discovered penicillin, perhaps the most famous antibiotic?
Charles Darwin, FRS
Rosalind Franklin
Sir Alexander Fleming, FRSE, FRS, FRCS
Rt. Hon. Ernest Rutherord, Baron of Nelson, OM, FRS
20. Which of the following factors does not affect metabolic rate?