Approaches to psychology

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Learning approach
Focuses on how we are a product of our learning, experience and environment are all-important for the learning approaches. Involves behaviorism and social learning approaches.
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Behaviourist approach #1
Behaviour is learned from experiences.
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Behaviourist approach #2
only observable can be measured scientifically so only these should be studied as though processes are subjective and difficult to test.
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Behaviourist approach #3
It is valid to study the behaviour of animals as they have the same principles of learning.
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Behaviourist approach #4
We are born a blank slate, so there is no genetic influence on behaviour.
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Classical conditioning
Learning occurs when a association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a reflex response, this response can be positive or negative. An example of being conditioned is when someone acquires a phobia.
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What happens based on the association to Stimulus?
If the association of the stimulus is with a positive feeling , then that feeling will arise whenever the person comes in contact with this specific stimulus. The same occurs with negative association.
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Little Albert (Done by Watson and Rayner)
Done by the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus a loud noise at the same time as the rat, After following the procedure multiple times Albert began to cry when he saw a rat, even though he had not been afraid previously.
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Ivan Pavlov
He documented classical conditioning for the first time. His work originally focused on dogs digestive system . He had the dog harnessed to a bench with a tube coming out of its mouth and going into a jar.
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Ivan Pavlov#2
When Pavlov's assistant entered the lab with food Pavlov noticed the dog salivated upon hearing the sound of the door. Originally, the dog salivated at the sight of food but Pavlov's dog had made an associated the arrival of food and the door opening
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Pavlov's research
Pavlov rang a bell whenever the dogs were given food. The sound of the bell the became associated with food. This meant that eventually whenever he rang a bell the dog would salivate even if there was no food present.
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Operant conditioning
People learn through consequences and reinforcement. There are three key ways this occurs: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment.
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Stimulus generalisation
when a stimulus becomes generalised to other related stimuli which are also associated with the condition response
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Positive reinforcement
awarding something to increase a response
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Negative response
Taking something away to attain a desired response
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Stimulus discrimination
When a stimulus is not associated with the conditioned response as it is to different from original stimulus
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Skinner's box
Was designed to be able to observe animal response in deliberately created situations. Skinner observed that as soon as a rat learned that it would get a pellet when pressing the lever would keep doing so as the behaviour was positively reinforced
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Criticism of conditioning #1
Genes have also been found to influence our behaviour.
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Criticism of conditioning #2
Most research has involved animals; it is difficult to go beyond findings from comparative psychology
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Criticism of conditioning #3
We can learn in ways other than conditioning
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Criticism of conditioning #4
Cognitive processes are relevant to understanding behaviour…and indeed learning
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Continuous reinforcement
Every single response is reinforced. The response rate like resistance is low, response rate is also steady.
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Continuous Reinforcement- example of human behavior
1) Receiving a high grade for every assessment. 2) Receiving a tip for every customer
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Fixed Interval
Reinforcement is given every thirty seconds provided response occurs at least once during that time. Response rate speeds up as the next reinforcement becomes available; a pause after each reinforcement. Overall response rate is fairly low.
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Fixed Interval #2
resistance t extinction is fairly low as extinction occurs quite quickly.
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Fixed Interval- example of human behavior
1)Being paid regularly (every week or month) 2) Giving yourself a 15 minute break after every hour of studying.
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Variable interval example
A reinforcement is given on average every 30 seconds but the interval varies from trial to trial. So, the interval varies from trial to trial. So the interval on any one occasion is unpredictable
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Variable interval pattern and rate of response
Response rate is very stable over long periods of time. Still some tendency to increase response rate as time elapses since the last reinforcement.
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Variable interval resistance to extinction
Very high- extinction occurs very slowly and gradually
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Variable interval Example of human behaviour
Many self- employed people receive payment irregularly (depending on when the customer pays for the product of service)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Behaviour is learned from experiences.

Back

Behaviourist approach #1

Card 3

Front

only observable can be measured scientifically so only these should be studied as though processes are subjective and difficult to test.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

It is valid to study the behaviour of animals as they have the same principles of learning.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

We are born a blank slate, so there is no genetic influence on behaviour.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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