Approaches in Psychology Key Terms

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  • Created by: Gaynor
  • Created on: 27-09-18 11:14
Wundt
Separated psychology from philosophy. Set up the first psychology laboratory
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Introspection
Systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.
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Behaviourist Approach
Explains behaviour in terms of learning and observable behaviour
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Classical Conditioning
Learning by association
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Pavlov's Research
Dogs- rang a bell (NS), presented food (UCS), dogs salivated (UCR), eventually the dogs salivated (CR) to the sound of the bell (CS)
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Operant Conditioning
Learning due to the consequences of behaviour. If a behaviour is rewarded, it is more likely to be repeated and stamped in.
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Positive Reinforcement
Receiving a reward when a behaviour is preformed
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Negative Reinforcement
Avoiding something unpleasant
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Punishment
Unpleasant consequence of behaviour
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Skinner's Research
Rats (or pigeons) in Skinner box. They pressed levers for rewards or to avoid punishment
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Social Learning Theory
Explaining behaviour through direct and indirect reinforcement. Includes the role of cognitive factors
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Imitation
Copying behaviour
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Identification
When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like that model
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Modelling
Can be imitating the behaviour of a role model OR Demonstration of a behaviour that may be imitated by the observer
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Vicarious Reinforcement
Seeing someone else being rewarded for a certain behaviour then imitating that behaviour because you want the reward
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Mediational Factors
Cognitive factors (thinking) that lie between stimulus and response and influence learning
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Bandura's Research
Bobo doll Children more aggressive towards the Bobo doll when they had observed an adult acting aggressively
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Cognitive Approach
An approach that focuses on our mental processes (perception, attention, memory etc)
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Internal Mental Processes
Private operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response
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Schema
Mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. Develop from experience
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Inference
Drawing conclusions about how mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour
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Cognitive Neuroscience
Scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
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Biological Approach
A perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genes, hormones and neurotransmitters
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Genes
These make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which code physical features of an organism. Transmitted from parent to offspring (inherited)
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Biological Structures
Arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ, system or living thing
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Neurochemistry
Relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
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Genotype
Set of genes that a person inherits
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Phenotype
Characteristic of an individual which is determined by both genes and the environment
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Evolution
Changes in a biological population over successive generations
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Nervous System
Specialised network of cells, consisting of the CNS and the PNS
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Central Nervous System
Brain and the spinal cord Origin of all complex commands and decisions
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Peripherol Nervous System
Sends information to the CNS from the outside world, and transmits information from the CNS to muscles and glands in the body
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Somatic Nervous System
Transmits information from receptor cells in the sense organs to the CNS. Receives information from the CNS and directs muscles to act
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Automonic Nervous System
Transmits information to and from the internal body organs Operates involuntarily (automatic) Two main divisions Sympathetic-prepares the body for action Parasympathetic-restores normal body activity
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Endocrine System
Information system that instructs glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream, these hormones are carried to target organs in the body
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Gland
An organ in the body that synthesises substances such as hormones
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Hormones
Chemical substances that circulate in the bloodstream and only target certain organs. Produced in large quantities, but disappear quickly Powerful effects
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Fight or Flight Response
How we respond when stressed. Body becomes physiologically aroused to fight or flee from an aggressor
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Adrenaline
Hormone produced by the adrenal gland Part of the bodies immediate stress response Has a strong effect on the cardiovascular system-stimulates heart rate, contracts blood vessels and dilates air passages
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.

Back

Introspection

Card 3

Front

Explains behaviour in terms of learning and observable behaviour

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Learning by association

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Dogs- rang a bell (NS), presented food (UCS), dogs salivated (UCR), eventually the dogs salivated (CR) to the sound of the bell (CS)

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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