Approaches

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  • Created by: Abby0405
  • Created on: 19-12-18 10:29
Empiricism
The belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience. It is generally characterised by the use of the scientific method in psychology.
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Introspection
Gaining knowledge about a persons mental and emotional states as a result of the examination of their concious thoughts and feelings.
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Scientific Method
The use of investigative methods that are objective, systematic and replicable, and the formulation, testing and modification of hypotheses based on these methods.
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Behaviourist
Poeple who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning without needing to look at thoughts or feelings.
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Classical Conditioning
When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and produces a conditioned response.
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Operant Conditioning
Learning through punishment or reinforcement. If a behaviour is followed by a desirable outcome you are more likely to occur again.
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Punishment
A unpleasant consequence following a behaviour which results in the behaviour being less likely to occur again.
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Reinforcement
A term used in psychology to refer to anything that strengthens a response and increases the likelihood that it will occur again in the future.
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Identification
A form of influence where an individual adopts an attitide or behaviour because they want to be associated with a particular person or group.
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Imitation
Using someone or something as a model and copying their behaviour.
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Mediational Processes
The internal mental processes that exist between environmental stimuli and the response made by an individual to those stimuli.
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Modelling
A form of learning where individuals learn a particular behaviour by observing another individual performing that behaviour.
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Social Learning Theory
Learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded.
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Vicarious Reinforcement
Learning that is not a direct reinforcement of behaviour but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour.
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Cognitive
Mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning.
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Cognitive Neuroscience
An area of psychology dedicated to the underlying neural bases of cognitive functions.
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Computer Model
The process of using computer analogies as a representation of human cognition.
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Inference/Inferring
Reaching a logical conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
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Schema
A cognitive framework that helps to organise and interpret information in the brain.
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Theoretical Models
Models that are simplified, usually pictorial representations of a particular mental process based on current research evidence.
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Biological Approach
It provides biological explanations for all aspects of psychological functioning.
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Evolution
The change over successive generationbs of the genetic make-up of a particular population.
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Gene
A part of the chromosome of an organism that carries information in the form of DNA.
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Genotype
The genetic make-up of an individual. It is a collection of inherited genetic material over generations.
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Natural Selection
The process of inherited characteristics being passed on through reproduction because they are successful.
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Neurochemistry
The study of chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous system.
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Phenotype
The observable characteristics of an individual which is affected by their environment.
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Defence Mechanisms
Unconcious strategies that protect our concious mind from anxiety. They involve a distortion from reality that helps them better cope with the situation.
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Psychoanalysis
The personality theory and therapy associated with Freud.
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Psychodynamic
Any theory that refers to change and development in the individual. Particularly thos ethat emphasise on a 'drive' for behaviour.
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Unconcious
The part of the human mind that contains repressed ideas and memories, as well as primitive desires and impulses that aren't allowed into the concious mind.
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Conditions of Worth
Conditions imposed on an individual's behaviour and development that are necessary to gain positive regard from family/friends/significant others.
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Congruence
Similarity between a person's ideal self and self-image.
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Free Will
The ability to act of one's own discretion.
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Hierachy of Needs
The motivational theory proposed by Maslow, which is in the shape of a pyramid. Basic needs at the bottom and more advanced at the top.
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Humanistic
Human beings are born with the desire to grow, create, love and the power to direct their own lives.
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Self
Our personal identity.
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Self-actualisation
Rogers described it as the drive to realise one's true potential while Maslow defined it as the final stage of the hierachy of needs.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Gaining knowledge about a persons mental and emotional states as a result of the examination of their concious thoughts and feelings.

Back

Introspection

Card 3

Front

The use of investigative methods that are objective, systematic and replicable, and the formulation, testing and modification of hypotheses based on these methods.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Poeple who believe that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning without needing to look at thoughts or feelings.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and produces a conditioned response.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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