Approaches

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  • Created by: EmiLy1703
  • Created on: 23-08-17 11:24
What does objectivity mean?
It is based on scientific evidence and is not biased
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What does replicability mean?
It uses precise measures so it can be repeated under identical conditions
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What does falsifiability mean?
It can be tested to see if it can be proven false
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What is introspection?
The examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes
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What is meant by objective?
Having authentic presence in reality based upon viewable phenomena. Unbiased or not influenced by private emotions, perceptions or biases
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What is meant by subjective?
Not able to be accessed or observed. Something that is effected by personal feelings, prejudice and interpretations
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What are standardised procedures?
Keeping everything the same for all participants so that the investigation is fair
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What is the biological approach?
All behaviour has a physical basis
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What is the cognitive approach?
Behaviour is determined by internal mental processes
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What are behaviourists?
People who study people's behaviour and how they react to environmental stimuli and how they shape actions
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What is the psychodynamic approach?
Behaviour is cause by unconscious motivations and conflicts
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What is the humanistic approach?
Behaviour is controlled by free will
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What is the behaviourist approach?
All behaviour is learned
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What is meant by nature?
Behaviour is determined by biology/we are born with it
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What is meant by nuture?
Our behaviour is due to experience and how we are brought up
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What are the key assumptions of the behaviourist approach?
Emphasises that only observable behaviour is measurable scientifically. They believe thought processes are subjective and difficult to test and so only observable behaviours should be studied
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What do behaviourists say?
We are born 'blank slates', it is valid to study the behaviour of animals as they share the same principles of learning as we do, all behaviour is learned in the same way through classical and operant conditioning
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What does conditioned mean?
Learnt
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What does unconditioned mean?
Not learnt (occurs naturally)
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What does neutral mean?
Nothing associated with it
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What is classical conditioning?
Learning by association, occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an unconditional stimulus and a neutral stimulus
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What is the process of classical conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
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What is the example of classical conditioning?
Pavlov's dog
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Something which naturally/automatically causes a response
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What is an unconditioned response?
A natural reaction to a stimulus
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What is a neutral stimulus?
A stimulus that initally does not cause the target reaction or response
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
When the neutral stimulus causes the same response as the unconditioned stimulus on its own because they have become 'paired'
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What are three strengths of the behaviourist approach?
Uses scientific methods, offers practical applications and the reductionist nature allows us to explain behaviour in a testable way
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What are two weaknesses of the behaviourist approach?
It argues we have no control over our behaviour and it reduces all behaviour down to learning through experience and doesn't take into account any other factors that might affect behaviour
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What is operant conditioning?
A form of learning which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences
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What is positive reinforcement?
Gaining. When a behaviour produces a consequence which is satisfying and/or pleasant. Therefore, the behaviour is reinforced and is more likely to be repeated
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What is negative reinforcement?
Taking away. When a behaviour removes something unpleasant. Therefore, the behaviour is reinforced and is more likely to be repeated
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What is positive punishment?
Gaining. When a behaviour is followed by an unpleasant consequence. This punishment is 'added' to the situation, i.e. it wouldn't have occured without the behaviour. Therefore, the behaviour is less likely to be repeated
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What is negative punishment?
Taking away. When a behaviour is followed by an unpleasant consequence. This punishment is caused by taking away something pleasant. Therefore, the behaviour is less likely to be repeated
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What are the key assumptions of Social Learning Theory?
Behaviour is learned from the environment, genetics have no influence on behaviour. Behaviour is learned from watching others and the reinforcement or punishment they receive
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What are the processes of Social Learning Theory?
Observation, imitation, identification, modelling, vicarious reinforcement and expectations
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What are the 4 mediational processes in observational learning?
Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation
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What is meant by attention?
The person observing must pay attention to the behaviour to be imitated
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What is meant by retention?
The person must encode and remember the behaviour in long term memory which would enable the behaviour to be retrieved in a later situation
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What is meant by reproduction?
The person observing the behaviour must have the physical capabilities to reproduce the behaviour
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What is meant by motivation?
There must be a reason for imitating the behaviour (e.g. expect to receive a reward) which motivates them to do it
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What are three strengths of the social learning theory?
It is considered less reductionist and deterministic approach compared to behaviourism, it can explain why people's behaviour is different in different situations and it successfully explains individual and cultural differences in behaviour
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What are two weakness of the social learning theory?
It may still be considered reductionist as it ignores factors such as emotions and biology. It cannot explain the learning of abstract ideas which cannot be directly observed
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What are the key assumptions of the cognitive approach?
Believes that thought processes cause behaviour. We need to understand the thought processes that occur between a stimulus in our environment and our response to it. Thought processes should be studied scientifically. The mind works like a computer
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What are demand characteristics?
Changing your behaviour because of the environment you're in
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What is social desirability bias?
Telling them what is desired, changing your answer to what is socially acceptable in society
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What is meant by machine reductionist?
Once its simplified it doesn't really say the original meaning
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What is the input?
The input comes from the environment via the senses and is encoded by the individual
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What is processing?
The information can be processed once encoded into a format it can work with, e.g. interpretation using schemas
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What is the output?
The output is the behavioural response
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What are schemas?
Schemas are an individual's beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing. They are developed from experience
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What are schemas used for?
They act as a framework to interpret incoming information. We can use schemas to make sense of the world around us by 'filling in the gaps' in our knowledge. They do this by shaping event to fit our beliefs and expectations
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How can schemas affect memory?
They could affect the reliability of our memories because our memories are not exact replicas of what happened, but reconstructed memories based on our schemas
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What are two strengths of the cognitive approach?
It has many applications and it can be considered a scientific approach
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What are two weaknesses of the cognitive approach?
The use of computer models and it appears to ignore important factors
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What are the key assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?
Behaviour is caused by processes in our unconscious mind which we can't consciously access. Instincts/drives motivate our behaviour. Our understanding of ourselves is unconsciously distorted by defence mechanisms, avoiding psychological pain or truth
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What is meant by repression?
Forcing a distressing memory out of the unconscious mind
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What is meant by denial?
Refusing to acknowledge some aspects of reality
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What is meant by displacement?
Transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target
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What is meant by the psychodynamic approach?
A perspective that describes the different forces, most of which, are unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience
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What is the unconscious?
The part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much of our behaviour
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What is the id?
Entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification
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What is the ego?
The 'reality check' that balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego
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What is the superego?
The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self; how we ought to be
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What are defence mechanisms?
Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and superego
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What are psychosexual stages?
According to Freud, five developmental stages that all children pass through. At most stages there is a specific conflict, the outcome of which determines future development
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Who was Little Hans?
Little Hans was a 5 year old boy with a phobia of horses. Freud used this to explore what factors might have led to the phobia in the first place and how he could link it and use it to support the Oedipus complex
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What are the key assumptions of the humanistic approach?
Focuses on the whole person (holistic), emphasises the uniqueness of each individual and the individual's subjective experience and conscious awareness is meaningful and can help us to understand their behaviour
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What is the hierarchy of needs?
Maslow created the hierarchy containing; deficiency, safety, love and belonging, self esteem and self actualisation
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What is holism?
Focuses on the whole body/person
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What are conditions of worth?
Requirements that an individual believes they must meet in order to be loved and accepted by others
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What is congruence?
Your ideal self and self image are the same
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What is self concept?
The knowledge we have of ourselves (ideal self, self image and self worth) To achieve self concept we need unconditional positive regard
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What is self actualisation?
This is when an individual is achieving their full potential
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What is unconditional/conditional positive regard?
Conditional - bad, unconditional - good. 'I will always value regardless
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What are two strengths of the humanistic approach?
It is not reductionist and they advocate holism
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What are two weaknesses of the humanistic approach?
Has relatively little real world application and is criticised for using vague concepts that are abstract and difficult to test
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What are the key assumptions of the biological approach?
The mind and the brain are the same. Behaviour and thought processes have an innate, biological basis - physiology and heritability. Human beings are no different from other animals because we share the same basic biology
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What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an individual, which occurs at conception and provides the genetic code for how that individual will develop
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What is a phenotype?
How the genetic makeup of an individual is physically expressed. This may differ due to interaction with the environment
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What is concordance rate?
The presence of the same trait in both members of a pair (e.g. twins, parent, child, siblings etc)
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What are two strengths of the biological approach?
Uses objective methods and it has led to practical applications
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What are three weaknesses of the biological approach?
Only considers the nature side of behaviour, assumes that biological factors cause behaviour and it is deterministic
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