Approaches

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What are the 12 points on the timeline?
Descartes, Locke, Darwin, Experimental, Wundt, Freud, Behaviourist, Humanistic, Cognitive, Social Learning, Biological, Cognitive Neuroscience.
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What did Descartes believe?
The mind and body are separate.
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What did Locke believe?
We gain knowledge through senses. (Empiricism)
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What was Freud's approach and what did he believe?
Psychodynamic. Behaviour is caused by unconscious conflict.
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What is a Skinner Box?
An operant conditioning chamber used to study animal behaviour.
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Describe what happened in the Little Albert experiment.
Little Albert learnt to fear white rats as he associated them with a loud bang.
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What is Classical Conditioning?
Learning through association.
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What is positive reinforcement?
When a behaviour produces a consequence which is satisfying and/or pleasant. Therefore, the behaviour is reinforced and therefore the behaviour is more likely to be repeated.
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What is negative reinforcement?
When a behaviour removes something unpleasant. Therefore, the behaviour is reinforced the behaviour is more likely to be repeated.
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What is positive punishment?
When behaviour is follow by an unpleasant consequence. This punishment is 'added' to the situation, i.e. it would not have occurred without the behaviour. Therefore, the behaviour is less likely to be repeated.
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What is negative punishment?
When a behaviour is followed by an unpleasant consequence. This punishment is caused by taking away something pleasant. Therefore, the behaviour is less likely to be repeated.
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What are the useful applications of Social Learning theory?
It helps us understand what criminals are like mentally. It also helps us to learn how impressional young children can be.
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What is a weakness for Social Learning theory?
It does not take into account the influence of biological factors on behaviour. For example, the role of testosterone on aggression.
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What is the Conscious mind and what does it control?
The conscious mind is the small amount of mental activity we know about. It controls our thoughts and perceptions.
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What does the Preconscious mind control?
Things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried to be. Such as our memories (stored knowledge)
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What does Unconscious mind control?
Things we are unaware of and cannot become aware of. Such as fears, violent motives, selfish needs and traumatic experiences.
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What are the 3 structures of the personality?
The Id, Ego and Superego.
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What is the Id and when do we get it?
It is present at birth and is our pleasure principle. It is completely selfish and thinks only of our instincts that require immediate gratification.
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What is the Ego and when do we get it?
We get it by the age of 1. It is our reality principle that is rational and sorts the demands of the Id and later the Superego.
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What is the Superego and when do we get it?
We get it by the age of 5. It controls our conscience and morality (right or wrong)
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What are the 3 Defence Mechanisms?
Repression, Denial, Displacement.
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How does Repression work?
Prevents unacceptable desires by making guilty secrets unconscious so that your not even aware of them. E.g. A person who is normally calm acts in a violent way and then has no recollection of it.
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How does Denial Work?
People who sometimes refuse to believe events that promote anxiety. E.g. An alcoholic may deny that they are dependent on alcohol.
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How does Displacement work?
Diverting emotions onto someone else because accepting faults in ourselves will cause anxiety. E.g. A student who fails an exam may blame their teacher.
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What are the 5 Psychosexual stages?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
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What are the 5 stages of Maslow's Hierarchy on Needs?
Physiological, Safety, Love/belonging, Esteem, Self-actualisation.
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Describe the Physiological stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
Having enough food, water, being able to breath and having enough sleep.
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Describe the Safety stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
Security of the body, employment, health, family, somewhere to live.
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Describe the Love/belonging stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
Having a family and friends.
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Describe the Esteem stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
Having confidence and getting respect from other.
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Describe the Self-actualisation stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
Knowing and achieving your full potential. Morality, Creativity and being able to solve problems.
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What is a weakness of the Humanistic Approach?
The Hierarchy does not apply to all cultures. E.g. In Japan, people strive for collective goals rather than individual.
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What is a strength of the Humanistic Approach
Its 'person-centred'- people feel empowered as they can choose how to progress and develop.
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Define the Cognitive Approach
The study of internal mental processes.
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What does the Cognitive Approach believe?
All behaviour is influenced by thoughts. (Conscious and unconscious internal mental processes.
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What are inferences?
Making intelligent guesses about what is going on in people's minds based on their behaviours. Theories and models are then developed to help explain the mental processes observed.
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Why are inferences made in Cognitive psychology?
Mental processes cannot be directly observed.
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What is a Schemas?
Packages of knowledge developed through experience.
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Why are Schemas useful?
They allow us to take shortcuts when interpreting a huge amount on information that we have to deal with on a daily basis.
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What is a potential problem with Schemas?
They can lead to stereotypes and discrimination of people who do not fit with our existing schema.
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Define Cognitive Neuroscience.
The scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental process.
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Give an example of a real world application for Cognitive Neuroscience.
To analyse the brain patterns of eyewitnesses to determine if they are lying in court.
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What is a strength of the Cognitive Approach?
The Cognitive approach has led to many successful treatments for mental illnesses (such as OCD)
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What is a weakness of the Cognitive approach?
Scientific studies of the mind can be artificial and do not reflect how our minds work in the real world.
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What is the Biological Approach?
The Biological Approach combines psychology and biology to provide physiological explanations for human behaviour.
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What does Biological Psychology try to explain?
How we think, feel and behave in terms of physical factors within the body.
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What are the 3 biological processes we use to understand human behaviour?
Genes, Biological structures such as the nervous system, Neurochemistry.
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What do Laboratory experiments measure?
Amount of chemicals within the body, Heart rate, Brainwave activity.
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What is Monozygotic (MZ)?
One zygote- these twins are formed when a fertilised cell splits into two and forms two separate embryos. They share 100% of their genes.
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What is Dizygotic (DZ)?
Two zygotes- these twins are formed when two separate eggs both become fertilised by different sperm cells. Share 50% of their genes (the same as siblings)
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What is a concordance rate?
An agreement between two things.
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What does a concordance rate refer to in twin studies?
The extent to which a pair of twins share similar traits or characteristics.
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What 4 methods are used to investigate the genetic basis of behaviour?
Twin studies, Family Studies, Adoption Studies, Selective breeding.
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Explain Twin studies.
Look for concordance rates between twins. A high concordance rate in MZ twins suggests a genetic basis for behaviour.
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Explain Family Studies.
Look for similarities in behaviour among families to suggest a genetic basis for behaviour.
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Explain Adoption Studies.
Comparing a trait or characteristic between adopted children and their biological or adoptive parents.
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Explain Selective Breeding.
Artificially selecting male and female animals for a particular trait. These animals are then put together in order to breed and produce offspring.
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Define Genotype.
A person's genetic make-up. The genetic code that is 'written' in the DNA of an individual's cells. It is a collection of inherited genetic material that is passed from generation to generation.
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Define Phenotype.
Genotype+Environmental Influences= Phenotype. The way genes are expressed through physical, behavioural or psychological characteristics. E.g. body shape, hair colour and personality.
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Explain neurones and the nervous system.
The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system carries messages from one part of the body to another using individual nerve cells known as neurones. Many aspects of behaviour are controlled by the neuronal control.
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Explain the brain.
The portion of the central nervous system that is located within the skull. It functions as a primary receiver, organizer, and distributor of information for the body.
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Explain Neurotransmitters.
A chemical that carries signals between neurons across a space called the synapse. These chemicals play a role in the way we behave, learn, the way we feel, sleep and are also linked with mental illness.
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Explain Hormones.
Chemicals that are produced by the endocrine glands, such as the pituitary gland, which together make up the endocrine system. The presence of these cause psychological reactions within a cell, altering its activity.
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What is Evolution?
Evolution is a theory that different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed (evolved) from earlier forms throughout history by the process of natural selection (survival of the fittest).
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What is meant by Natural Selection?
Natural selection is the process (that links with the theory of evolution) where organisms that are better adapted to their environment are able to survive longer and produce better adapted offspring.
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What is meant by Sexual Selection?
Natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex.
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What is Social Learning theory?
All behaviours are learnt through observing others.
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What is the difference between a live model and a symbolic model?
A live model is is a parent, teacher or peer. A symbolic model is someone who is portrayed in the media E.g. a character on TV.
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What is Vicarious Reinforcement?
Watching peoples behaviour being rewarded or punished. If we see someone get rewarded for behaviour then we learn to repeat it. If we see someone get punished then we learn not to repeat their behaviour.
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What is Identification?
A person who we identify with and imitate. E.g. people the same gender as us and same age as us.
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What makes imitation more likely?
Observed consequences of the behaviour (Vicarious Reinforcement), characteristics of the model (Identification), Self-efficacy (confidence to reproduce the behaviour)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The mind and body are separate.

Back

What did Descartes believe?

Card 3

Front

We gain knowledge through senses. (Empiricism)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Psychodynamic. Behaviour is caused by unconscious conflict.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

An operant conditioning chamber used to study animal behaviour.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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