Animal Biology

?
  • Created by: kAyLa_27
  • Created on: 10-03-23 14:00
Phylogenetics
The study of evolutionary relationships among biological organisms
1 of 171
Cladistics
A tree-like table to group species based on shared characteristics
2 of 171
Who created the binomial system?
Carl Linnaeus
3 of 171
What does the binomial system do?
Groups animals based on different characteristics using a hierarchical structure
4 of 171
What are the parts of the binomial system?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
5 of 171
Prokaryote
A cell with no membrane bound nucleus
6 of 171
Eukaryote
A cell with a membrane bound nucleus
7 of 171
Autotroph
Organisms that create their own food
8 of 171
Heterotroph
An organism that needs to eat other animals for energy
9 of 171
What is cordata?
Vertebrates
10 of 171
Five classes of cordata
Pisces (fish), Amphibia (amphibians), Reptilia (reptiles), Aves (birds), Mammalia (mammals)
11 of 171
Pentadactyl limb
Five digits
12 of 171
Function of the plasma membrane
Contain all cell components and regulate cell transport
13 of 171
Function of phospholipids
Forms a bilayer around the cell to contain all cell components
14 of 171
Function of cytoplasm
Provides a supportive medium for all the cell's organelles
15 of 171
Function of mitochondria
Produce ATP during cellular respiration
16 of 171
Function of ribosomes
Major role in protein synthesis
17 of 171
Function of lysosomes
To breakdown cellular waste and debris
18 of 171
Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Protein synthesis
19 of 171
Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol
20 of 171
Function of Golgi apparatus
Receive proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and package them in vesicles to transport out of the cell
21 of 171
Function of Centrioles
Organises microtubules of the cell into mitotic spindles during cell division. The spindles pull the duplicated materials to opposite ends of the cell
22 of 171
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
23 of 171
What are nucleotides made from?
A phosphate, a sugar (deoxyribose) and a base
24 of 171
What are the four nucleotide bases?
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, cytosine
25 of 171
Which atom is at the start of a polynucleotide chain?
Free 5' atom
26 of 171
Which atom is at the end of a polynucleotide chain?
free 3' atom
27 of 171
How many polynucleotide chains form DNA?
two
28 of 171
What does Adenine always pair with?
Thymine (A-T)
29 of 171
What does Guanine always pair with?
Cytosine (G-C)
30 of 171
What is mRNA?
The instruction manual used to create proteins
31 of 171
How many nucleotides form an amino acid?
three (called a codon)
32 of 171
What are the three parts of protein synthesis?
Replication, Transcription, Translation
33 of 171
What are the two parts of the phospholipid bilayer?
Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic fatty acid tails
34 of 171
What is the role of cholesterol within the phospholipid bilayer?
Keeps the membrane supple to avoid it breaking
35 of 171
What is the role of glycolipids within the phospholipid bilayer?
On the outer surface, keep the carbohydrate (sugar chain) attached
36 of 171
What is the role of carbohydrates within the phospholipid bilayer?
Act as a form of ID helping the cells recognise other cells within the body
37 of 171
What are the three proteins in the cell membrane?
Structural proteins, receptor proteins, carrier/transport proteins
38 of 171
What is the function of structural proteins in the cell membrane?
Support cell and give it shape
39 of 171
What is the function of the receptor proteins in the cell membrane?
Detect hormones and neurotransmitters
40 of 171
What is the function of carrier/transport proteins in the cell membrane?
Allow certain molecules to pass through the cell membrane
41 of 171
Active transport
The movement of molecules across the cellular membrane through a protein carrier. Uses ATP to power the process
42 of 171
Passive transport
The movement of molecules across the cellular membrane via diffusion. Uses no ATP.
43 of 171
What does osmosis result in?
Equilibrium
44 of 171
What happens in the sodium potassium pump?
The protein channel forces 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell. Every time it happens, it costs 1 ATP molecule
45 of 171
Exocytosis
Substances held within a vesicle push their way through the plasma membrane then open, releasing a substance
46 of 171
Endocytosis
Substances form a vesicle as they push their way into the plasma membrane
47 of 171
Phagocytosis
If the substance moving into the cell is a solid
48 of 171
Pinocytosis
If the substance moving into the cell is a liquid
49 of 171
What are the three types of microscope?
Compound (light or optical), transmission electron, scanning electron
50 of 171
What are the four different tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
51 of 171
What are the functions of squamous epithelial tissue?
Allow rapid diffusion of chemicals, filtration, secretes lubricating substances
52 of 171
What are the functions of cuboidal epithelial tissue?
Allow secretion and absorption
53 of 171
What are the functions of columnar epithelial tissue?
Cells with microvilli absorb nutrients, Ciliated cells aid in the movement of mucus and eggs
54 of 171
General function of loose connective tissue
Holds organs and tissues in place, attaches epithelial tissue to underlying layers
55 of 171
General function of dense connective tissue
Movement (ligaments and tendons), protection (joint capsules, muscle fascia)
56 of 171
Function of adipose (specialised connective tissue)
Stores fat, protects internal organs, produces hormones, white- stores energy, brown- generates body heat
57 of 171
Function of bone
Support, movement, mineral storage, red blood cell production, protection of organs
58 of 171
Function of blood
Transports oxygen and minerals, removes waste products, regulation of body pH, thermoregulation, hydraulic functions
59 of 171
Function of cartilage
Forms a protective cover on the ends if calcified bones (hyaline cartilage), protects knee and spine (fibrocartilage), forms the ears, larynx and epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
60 of 171
Five main functions of the skeleton
Structure, locomotion, protection, mineral storage, haematopoiesis
61 of 171
What are the main minerals that are stored in the skeleton?
Calcium and Phosphorus
62 of 171
Axial
Skull, ribcage, vertebral column (spine)
63 of 171
Appendicular
Divided into 6 sections: shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs and feet
64 of 171
Vertebrae
The discs that make up the spine
65 of 171
Limb
Arms, legs, tail
66 of 171
What are the two types of bone cells (osteocytes)?
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
67 of 171
What are osteoblasts?
Bone forming cells that secrete a mineral that forms a matrix around them, and then hardens. They are immature bone cells
68 of 171
What do osteoclasts do?
Reabsorb bone and remodel the bone structure
69 of 171
What is compact bone formed of?
Densely packed osteocytes with very little air between, making it very strong
70 of 171
What percentage of the animal body does compact bone make up?
80%
71 of 171
What is spongy bone?
The bone that forms the interior of all bones, it has more air spaces in between the bone cells, giving it low density and strength but high surface area
72 of 171
What is found within the spongy bone?
Bone marrow, veins, arteries and nerves
73 of 171
What is cartilage?
Rubbery, connective tissue that forms a barrier between bones
74 of 171
What is the function of cartilage?
To prevent bones from rubbing together and wearing away
75 of 171
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to bone
76 of 171
What do tendons connect?
Muscle to bone
77 of 171
What are the five sections bone discs split into?
Cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (abdomen), sacral (pelvis), coccygeal (caudal)
78 of 171
What does the integumentary system consist of?
Skin, hair, nails, glands and nerves
79 of 171
Functions of the integumentary system
Protects internal living tissues and organs, protects against invasion by infectious organisms, protects from dehydration, disposes of waste material, receptor for touch, pressure, pain and temp, stores water and fat
80 of 171
What are the three layers of skin?
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
81 of 171
What are the two types of glands within the dermis?
Sebaceous and sweat
82 of 171
What do the sebaceous glands do?
Produce oil that keeps the outer layers of the skin flexible and waterproof
83 of 171
What do the sweat glands do?
Release water, salt and other compounds to help the body maintain the correct temperature
84 of 171
What is the hypodermis layer composed of?
Adipose tissue (fat)
85 of 171
What are fibrous joints?
Immoveable joints, connections between two bones
86 of 171
What are cartilaginous joints?
Joints that occur where the connection between two bones is made of cartilage
87 of 171
What are synovial joints?
The joints that allow movement, also known as diarthrosis, make up the majority of the joints in the body
88 of 171
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Hinge, pivot, saddle, ball and socket, condyloid, plane
89 of 171
What are the 7 types of movement synovial joints allow?
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction, gliding
90 of 171
Flexion movement
The limb moves into a bent position
91 of 171
Extension movement
The limb moves into a straightened position
92 of 171
Adduction movement
Moving a limb closer to the body
93 of 171
Abduction movement
Moving a limb away from the body
94 of 171
Rotation movement
Moving a limb around its long axis
95 of 171
Circumduction movement
Movement of a limb in a circle
96 of 171
Gliding
The bones glide past each other
97 of 171
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
98 of 171
Function of skeletal muscle
Movement and maintenance of posture
99 of 171
Function of smooth muscle
Controls movement of substances along tubes
100 of 171
Function of cardiac muscle
Heartbeat
101 of 171
What are myofibrils?
Sarcomeres
102 of 171
What do sarcomeres contain and what do these allow?
Actin and myosin filaments which slide over each other to allow the muscle to contract
103 of 171
What are the four stages of the sliding filament theory?
ATP provides energy (leaving ADP+P), myosin forms a crossbridge with actin, ADP+P leave causing myosin to pull backwards, ATP \attaches to myosin causing it to return to its original position
104 of 171
What are the two types of muscle fibre?
Slow twitch (for endurance), fast twitch (when a sudden burst of energy is required)
105 of 171
What are the 4 tooth types and what are their functions?
Incisor (to cut), canine (to tear flesh + hold prey), premolar (to crush), molar (to crush)
106 of 171
What is the difference between the monogastric digestive system and the ruminant digestive system?
Monogastric= single chambered stomach, ruminant= four chambered stomach
107 of 171
Functions of the liver
carb + fat metabolism, making cholesterol, bile production, detoxification, storage of vitamins, breakdown of haemoglobin
108 of 171
Two tissues types in the pancreas
Endocrine (hormone), exocrine (digestion)
109 of 171
What enzymes are produced by the exocrine glands?
Trypsin and chymotrypsin (protein), amylase (carbohydrates), lipase (fats)
110 of 171
What hormones are produced by the endocrine tissue?
insulin and glucagon
111 of 171
Hyperglycaemia
High blood sugar
112 of 171
Hypoglycaemia
low blood sugar
113 of 171
Glycogenesis
Glucose molecules converted into glycogen for storage
114 of 171
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose for use in the body
115 of 171
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
116 of 171
Gluconeogenesis
Creation of glucose from pyruvate
117 of 171
Parts of a neuron
Dendrite, cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, node of ranvier, schwann cell, axon terminal
118 of 171
Central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord
119 of 171
Peripheral nervous system
Nerve cells coming from the CNS
120 of 171
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the CNS controlling functions in the body that do not require thought
121 of 171
Stimuli
Information from the internal or external environment
122 of 171
Response
an action resulting from stimuli
123 of 171
Parts of the reflex arc
sensory receptors, sensory neuron, connector neuron, motor neuron, effector
124 of 171
What do the rods in the eye allow?
allows animals to see in dim light
125 of 171
What do the cones in the eye allow?
allow the animals to detect different wavelengths of light (colour)
126 of 171
Which animals is binocular vision more common in?
Predators
127 of 171
What animals is monocular vision more common in?
Prey species
128 of 171
Functions of blood
Transport oxygen, thermoregulation, protection from disease, maintains a suitable environment for biochemical reactions
129 of 171
What does blood consist of?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets
130 of 171
What are the two most important types of leukocytes?
B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes
131 of 171
What do B-lymphocytes do?
produce antibodies which fight pathogens
132 of 171
What do T-lymphocytes do?
Destroy infected and damaged cells
133 of 171
What are the components of blood plasma?
90% water, 10% ions, proteins, nutrients, waste, dissolved gases
134 of 171
What are the three types of blood vessels?
veins, arteries, capillaries
135 of 171
What do the atria in the heart do?
receive blood from the lungs and body
136 of 171
What do the ventricles in the heart do?
Pump blood to the lungs and body
137 of 171
What do the valves in the heart do?
Prevent a back-flow of blood
138 of 171
What are the four types of circulatory?
Open, closed, single, double
139 of 171
Open circulatory system
blood pumped via heart into body, current of blood being pumped out draws it back the other side, few blood vessels, inefficient, found in invertebrates
140 of 171
Closed circulatory system
all blood contained in blood vessels, serious impact on animal health if blood leaves body, found in vertebrates and invertebrates
141 of 171
Single circulatory system
in fish/other simple species, blood travels in a loop around body, blood pressure limited by maximum pressure capability in gill capillaries, suitable for endothermic species
142 of 171
Double circulatory system
in mammals and birds, heart pumps blood in two directions, allows lower blood pressure to lungs and higher pressure to body which increases speed at which oxygenated blood can be delivered to tissues.
143 of 171
What is the proper term for breathing in and out?
Ventilation
144 of 171
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air taken in with one breath
145 of 171
What is ventilation rate?
Number of breaths per minute
146 of 171
What muscles make breathing possible?
Diaphragm and intercostal
147 of 171
What part of the brain controls breathing rate?
Medulla
148 of 171
Breathing in mammals
Diaphragm alters pressure within the thorax inflating/deflating lungs, lungs expand and contract, gaseous exchange occurs in alveoli
149 of 171
Breathing in birds
Chest muscles move the sternum altering pressure in the thorax, lungs do not expand or contract, gaseous exchange occurs in air capillaries (micrscopic tubules), more efficient than mammals
150 of 171
Homeostasis
To maintain balance within the body
151 of 171
Bohr effect
Name given to how blood reacts to changes in o2 and co2 levels, as co2 dissolves in the blood it forms carbonic acid which increases blood pH, change in pH causes haemoglobin to release more o2 which muscles can use
152 of 171
Structure of Haemoglobin
2x alpha proteins, 2x beta proteins, 4x iron molecules, can carry 4x o2 molecules
153 of 171
Structure of Myoglobin
1x alpha proteins, 1x iron molecules, can carry 1x oxygen molecules
154 of 171
What is cellular respiration?
The production of energy from glucose, lipids or proteins
155 of 171
What are the two types of cellular respiration?
Aerobic and anaerobic
156 of 171
Aerobic respiration
Occurs within the cell cytoplasm and mitochondria, requires oxygen, C6H12O6+6O2= 6CO2+6H2O (+energy)
157 of 171
Anaerobic respiration
Occurs in cell cytoplasm when oxygen is not available, C6H12O6= lactic acid(+energy)
158 of 171
What is the lymphatic system?
An open circulatory system closely linked to the circulatory system, has a system of vessels to transport lymphatic fluid around the body
159 of 171
What organs and tissues make up the lymphatic system?
Tonsils, thymus gland, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
160 of 171
What does homeostasis control in the body?
Temp, pH levels, blood glucose levels, blood urea levels, hormone levels, water levels in the blood, sodium levels, oxygen/carbon dioxide levels
161 of 171
What are the stages of negative feedback?
Stimulus, receptor, integrating centre, effector
162 of 171
What is an example of the stages of positive feedback?
Oxytocin, stimulates uterine contractions, stimulate placenta to produce prostaglandin, stimulates more vigorous uterine contractions
163 of 171
What is thermoregulation?
Negative feedback loop allowing endothermic animals to use corrective internal measures to control their temperature
164 of 171
Hyperthermic
too hot
165 of 171
Hypothermic
too cold
166 of 171
What are the functions of the male reproductive system?
Produce spermatozoa (spermatogenesis), secrete hormones, inseminate females
167 of 171
What are the functions of the female reproductive system?
Production (oogenesis) and storage of ova, co-ordination of sexual development/behaviour, ovulation, fertilisation of ova, implantation, gestation, controlled release of neonates (parturition), co-ordination of neonate care (parenting)
168 of 171
What is the hormone that causes uterine contractions?
oxytocin
169 of 171
What do the nephrons of the kidney do?
filter urea waste water and minerals from the blood, produce urine
170 of 171
What do the Glomerulus in the kidneys do?
act as a sieve to remove water and minerals from the blood, stopping large particles (protein and cells) from passing the barrier
171 of 171

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Cladistics

Back

A tree-like table to group species based on shared characteristics

Card 3

Front

Who created the binomial system?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the binomial system do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the parts of the binomial system?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Agriculture resources:

See all Agriculture resources »See all Animal biology resources »