109.5 degrees, every carbon has 4 bond pairs, so therefore are tetrahedrals
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Why do alkanes not react with most common reagents?
Bonds have high bond enthalpy (so are really strong) and the molecules are non-polar due to similar electronegativity of carbon and hydrogen
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What is the general formula of aliphatic alkanes?
CnH2n+2
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Aliphatic alkanes can be unbranched or ..?..
Branched
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What does structural isomerism mean?
Molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula
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Alkanes with ..?.. or more carbons show structural isomerism
4
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What general formulas do cyclic alkanes show?
CnH2n
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As the homologous series increases in alkanes, so does the boiling point, why?
Longer chain, more points of contact between molecules, more temporary dipoles and more energy needed to overcomes the london forces
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As branching increases in a molecule, what happens to the boiling point?
Reduces as more branching means less point of contact between molecules so less temporary dipoles so less energy required to break the london forces between molecules
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What are the products of complete combustion (plenty O2) of alkanes?
Carbon dioxide and water
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What is one of the possible outcomes of incomplete combustion which one of the products could bind to haemoglobin and starve the body of oxygen?
Carbon monoxide and water
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What is the outcome of incomplete combustion when one of the products is solid?
Carbon (soot) and water
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What are the conditions and type of reaction of halogenation?
UV light shining, and radical substitution
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What type of bond breaking is halogenation?
Homolytic fission
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What are the products of halogenation?
Haloalkane +HCl/HBr
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State the overall equation of the monochlorination of methane?
CH4 + CL2 -> CH3Cl + HCl
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Name the reaction steps of monochlorination of methane.
Initiation, propagation, termination
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What happens in initiation and state the equation.
chlorine reacts to form radicals as the UV light has enough energy to break the Cl-Cl bonds, Cl2 -> 2Cl'
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What happens in propagation?
A radical reacts with a molecule and a new radical and new molecule are formed, leading to a chain reaction. During propagation the reactant molecules are used up and the product molecules are formed.
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State the equations of both steps in propagation.
CH4 +Cl' -> C'H3 + HCl, C'H3 + Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl'
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State what happens in termination.
two radicals combine and the reaction sequence stops, you could form a trace impurity from termination
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What are the two possible termination steps that DOESN'T form a trace impurity?
Cl' + Cl' -> Cl2 or C'H3 + Cl' -> CH3Cl
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What is the possible termination step that DOES form a trace impurity?
C'H3 + C'H3 -> C2H6 (Ethane)
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what are some limitations of radical substitution?
Multiple substitutions could occur resulting in a mixture of chloromethanes, also substitutions could occur on any carbon resulting in a mixture of isomers of CH3Cl
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What kind of bonds are the C-C and C-H bonds?
Back
Sigma
Card 3
Front
Sigma bonds have free rotation. True or False?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are all the bond angles in Alkanes and why?
Back
Card 5
Front
Why do alkanes not react with most common reagents?
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