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6. Studied Prison records of 831 male inmates in SW USA and found small but not significant relationship between gang membership and prison aggression suggesting importation of subcultural values

  • DeLisi et al
  • Poole and Regoli
  • Richards
  • Sapolsky

7. Prisoners import social histories and traits into a prison (factors include alcohol, drugs, race, education)

  • Importational Model
  • Situational Model

8. Suggested different subcultures: Criminal subculture, convict subculture, conventional subculture

  • Irwin and Cressey
  • Kane and Janus