Large scale duplication of beta ketain in ancestor birds crucial for subsequent evolution of beaks, claws and feathers. Avoids pleiotropic constraint, supporting structural hypothesis
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Card 7
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Structural changes in MC1R, non-synonymous SNP. Lead to adaptive colouration change, lighter mice
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Card 8
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Regulatory mutations are 22% of identified genetic changes, but rapidly increasing
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Card 9
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Every gene has multiple regulatory elements before it
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Card 10
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Pitx1 has multiple regulatory elements for spines, jaw and mouth. deactiviation of spine function in freshwater
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Card 11
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Eda locus found by QTL. 2 alleles with AA sequence differences. low armour in freshwater high armoud in marine
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Card 12
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Eda low armour allele is adaptive, found by semi-natural pond experiments
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Card 13
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E.coli experiments. In the absence of recombination beneficial mutations took longer to fix. and recombination increase rate of adaptatioon 3 fold in high muatation environment.
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Card 14
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placentals have an added region in the y, after split from marupials
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Card 15
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Gene loss on the Y 1500-50, extinction in 10 million years
