5.5- Antibodies

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  • Created by: Megan2413
  • Created on: 07-06-17 18:57
What is an antibody?
Proteins with specific binding sites synthesised by B cells
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Why is there a massive varitety of possible antibodies?
They are made of proteins- molecules that occur in an almost infinite number of forms
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How many polypeptide chains make up an antibody?
Four
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What are the two types of polypeptide chains?
Heavy chain and light chain
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what does the variable region of the antibody include?
The binding site that is specific to a particular antigen
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What is formed when an antigen binds to the antigen binding site?
Antigen-antibody complex
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What is the other region of the antibody known as?
Constant region
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Where does the constant region bind to?
Receptors on B cells
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What are the two ways that antibodies lead to destruction of bacterial cells?
- Agglutination: Clumping together bacteria to make it easier for phagocytes to target - Serve as markers that stimulate phagocytes to engulf the bacterial cells
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What type of antibodies are individually isolated and cloned?
Monoclonal antibodies
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What are the four main uses of monoclonal antibodies?
- Direct monoclonal antibody therapy - Indirect monoclonal antibody therapy - Medical diagnosis via ELISA - Pregnancy testing
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What do monoclonal antibodies in direct and indirect therapy help cure?
Cancer
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How does direct monoclonal antibody therapy work?
- Monoclonal antibodies specific to the cancer's antigens are produced - They attach themselves to receptors on cancer cells - They attach to the surface of cancer cells blocking chemical signals that stimulate their uncontrollable growth
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What is an advantage to direct monoclonal antibody therapy?
The antibodies are not toxic and highly specific to the cancer's antigens, hence there are fewer side affects
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How does indirect monoclonal antibody therapy work?
It involves attaching a radioactive or cytotoxic drug to the monoclonal antibody so that when it attaches to the cancer cells, it kills them
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How are monoclonal antibodies used in a pregnancy test?
- The placenta produces a hormone (hCG) that is found in the mother's urine - Monoclonal antibodies on the pregnancy test ***** are linked to coloured particles - If hCG is present antibodies bind to it - hCG-antibody-colour complex moves along -->
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the ***** until it is trapped by a different type of antibody; this creates a coloured line
-->
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Why may there be ethical issues with the use of monoclonal antibodies?
- It involves deliberately inducing cancer in mice to test the drugs - Monoclonal antibodies have been fatal a couple of times in the past, for example when treating multiple sclerosis - Testing for new drugs has its risks
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To produce monoclonal antibodies- what is the mouse first exposed to?
The non-self material
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How does the mouse respond to the non-self material?
B cells in the mouse produce a mixture of antibodies
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Where are the antibodies extracted from?
The spleen
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How do we enable the B cells to divide outside the body?
They are mixed with cells that divide readily outside the body, for example cancer tumour cells
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Why is detergent added to the mixture?
To break down the cell-surface membranes of both types of cells to allow them to fuse together
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What are the fused cells called?
Hybridoma cells
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How are the hybridoma cells separated to culture a clone?
Under a microscope
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Why is each clone tested?
To check that the required antibody is being produced
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What is done once the correct antibody is being produced from a single B cell?
It is grown on a large scale and antibodies are extracted from the growth medium
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why is there a massive varitety of possible antibodies?

Back

They are made of proteins- molecules that occur in an almost infinite number of forms

Card 3

Front

How many polypeptide chains make up an antibody?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the two types of polypeptide chains?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what does the variable region of the antibody include?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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