In 1796 Edward Jenner, a country Doctor that had trained with an important surgeon, developed a vaccination- But what was this?
Placing cowpox matter into a cut to prevent the individual from catching smallpox.
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Why did Jenner face opposition?
He didn't know exactly how his vaccination worked which stopped him being able to develop other vaccinations.
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What was set up in 1866?
The Anti-Vaccine League
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Compulsory vaccination of children was strictly enforced between 1872-1887. What changed in 1887?
Parents could choose whether to have the vaccination or not.
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What did people think caused disease in the early 1800s?
Spontaneous Generation/ Miasma
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Louis Pasteur carried out a number of experiments to show that germs existed in the air and these caused illness. When did he do this?
1864
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Robert Koch developed Pasteur's ideas further. What did he do?
He found the specific germs that cause particular illness/diseases e.g. anthrax.
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Robert Koch developed methods of proving which bacterium was causing a particular disease. How was he able to do this?
Developed a solid culture (potatoes) to grow the bacteria. He then used colour dye to stain the bacteria and photographed it through a microscope.
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In 1880 Pasteur used Koch's bacteria identification process to work out the cause of Chicken Cholera. One of Pasteur's team, Charles Chamberland, was asked to do something but forgot. What did he forget?
He forgot to inoculate a healthy batch of chickens with Chicken Cholera. Instead he left the Chicken Cholera out exposed to the air.
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The weakened Chicken Cholera, which has been exposed to the air, was injected into some chickens. They were then later injected with fresh, full strength, Chicken Cholera. But what happened?
They survived. Pasteur realised that the old germs must have protected the chickens in same way that Jenner's Cowpox vaccination had worked.
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In 1881 Robert Koch used his bacterium staining method to discover a specific germ that caused a horrid human disease. What was it?
Tuberculosis
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Louis Pasteur went on to successfully save a boy, Joseph Meister, who had been bitten by a rabid dog. He was able to do this as he had developed a rabies vaccine. When was this vaccine developed and used?
1885
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In 1909 Paul Ehrlich (a member of Robert Koch's research team) developed the first chemical cure for a disease (syphilis). What was the cure called?
Salvarsan 606 (606 attempts to create it) -This was a magic bullet because it honed in on the disease and destroyed the bacteria.
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In 1928 Alexander Fleming left a pile of Petri dishes containing Staphylococci bacteria. Oh his return to his laboratory what did he discover?
He noticed mould in the Petri dishes. The mould had prevented the Staphylococci bacteria from growing.
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Alexander Fleming was unable to develop a pure penicillin drug from the mould he had discovered- But why?
No one would provide funding or further specialist help.
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In 1938 Howard Florey and Ernst Chain set about trying to make pure penicillin. What did they test it on to check if it worked?
They grew it and tested it out on mice.
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In 1938 Florey and Chain grew enough penicillin to test on a human. Was it successful?
Yes- it was given to a policeman (Albert Alexander) all was going well until they ran out of penicillin. Albert then died.
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In 1941 Florey and Chain looked for money to develop the freeze dried penicillin they had created. Who did they seek financial support from?
America had just had Pearl Harbour attacked (WWII) they realised how useful penicillin could be in saving lives in war
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Why did Jenner face opposition?
Back
He didn't know exactly how his vaccination worked which stopped him being able to develop other vaccinations.
Card 3
Front
What was set up in 1866?
Back
Card 4
Front
Compulsory vaccination of children was strictly enforced between 1872-1887. What changed in 1887?
Back
Card 5
Front
What did people think caused disease in the early 1800s?
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