Resource Management

Resource- Stock/ supply of something with a value or a purpose (food, water, energy)

Undernourishment-

•  most in Africa (over 35% in Somalia)
• None in Europe, Australia or Americas
•  Exception= Paraguay in central S America (35%)

Water Supply and Development-

• Lower the HDI, higher the GNP, more water per head
• Canada 1 and 94k, Niger 173 and 346
• Australia exception- 7 and 185k, more than Canada

Water Scarcity-

• Economic below equator, physical in NA and central east Asia, none in North
• Sudan in Africa= economic water scarcity
• Exception= Lesotho (SAf) physical, others economic

Energy Cosumption-

• HICs higher than LICs (USA 19k Twh)
• Non OECD higher than other OECD and European Union

Water Use-

• LICS- agricultural 82%, domestic 8%, industrial 10%
• HICs- agricultural 30%, domestic 11%, industrial 59%

Undernourishment= Lack of food/ calories                                                                                          Malnutrition= poor quality of diet, no vitamins/ variety

• Consumption and availablity of food depens of natural availabilty and wealth (import)
• Consumption greater in HICs as afford more
• Consumption and demand increasing in NEEs
• Demand increases as population increases

Food-

• Health= malnutritioned/ undernourished, disease, no money or work, bad QOL
• Economy= trade/ exports, people can work- economic development

Water-

• Health- essential for survival, disease problems/ lacking in GQOL
• Economy- agriculture/ industry, food supply, failing crops, produces energy, people can work for economy

Energy-

• Health- Facilities (transport and health), domestic uses, more people work
• Economy- industry/ agriculture, jobs, more poeple working, economy development

Key Facts-

• 73mil in 2037, 64mil now
• UK not self- sufficient- 40% imported
• Sesaonal climate, more UK grown after WW2
• Poor harvests increase produce prices, cheaper abroad
• Demand for exotix food changes Cosumption Pattern

Supermarket has control so farmers get a very small % of profit

Agribusiness (Lynford House Farm)-

• Flat/ fertile land, productivity increase/ crops suited to warm climate/ litre reservoir/ efficient machinery
• High inputs of chemicals (machinery)/ pesticides/ low amount of workers

Organic Cultivation (Riverford Organic Farm)-

• Food to locals/ regional farms (reduce food miles)/ local farmers and employment, links
• Small so costs more for food, can't grow as much food

• The higher the population density, the lower the precipitation (London= 52.0 persons per hectare and 740.1 mm rain, South West= 2.2 and 1289.1 mm)
• Pattern of Water Stress- further south, more stress, anomoly= wessex in the south as low water stress

Key Facts-

• 50% for domestic, 13% services, 5% manufacturing, 21% leakage
• 5% demand incraese 2020
• Efficiency= water meters, re-use gery water, water catchment system

Water deficit increasing as population increases, so higher demand, more water-intensive domestic appliances.

Environment Agency-

• restrict recreational activities, add chlorine to purify, monitor river water, strict regulations

Ground water sources deteriorating as leaching, industrail sites, power stations, pesticides.

Severn 100miles to River Thames-

Positives-

• Areas with droughts at diff times linked up
• Areas of water surplus give water to areas with water deficit
• Water qualities imrpoved by treatment
• Ofwat (National Water Regulator) easier for big water schemes
• £960mil saved over 30yrs if connections between supplies

Negatives-

• Impact on landscape/ greenhouse gas emissions
• expensive
• Wales Countryside Council- land around source home to protected species- bog and hen harriers
• RSPB- water levels left behind, climate change leaving schemes redundant when rainfall patterns change

Key Facts-

• 12% fall domestic energy use
• 1990 3/4 from fossil fuels
• 60% fall in energy use in sectors
• 2007 mix of ff, 2014 more renewable
• 75% of coal and gas reserves exhausted

Changes in energy mix= Decline in coal sources as ghsemissions and unstable stations, more aware of carbon footprint, exhausted sources, coal mines of of business, cheap imports.

Nuclear- very expensive, job opportunities, radioactive waste/ leaks                                              Wind Farrms- high construction costs, tourism, visual impact (Lake District), avoid gas emission

Fracking- 

• Cheap, jobs, lower energy costs for locals, lower carbon than fuel, 'non-hazardous chemical in ground
• High extraction costs, earthquakes, contaminated, pollution of underground water sources

• 795mil undernourished, UK has food security, poorer countries extract food
• Distribution of undernourishment- Mainly in Africa (Namibia), exception= North Korea

Food Consumption- high in USA, low in Sub-Saharan Africa, increasing as population increase and more income.                                                                                                                             Food Supply- high in Brazil, UK, low in Africa- unreliable rainfall, low training/ investment          Food Security- access to enough nutritious food, measured with Food Security Index, high in Africa central, low in USA/ Europe/ Russia.                                                                                    Food Security= food surplus, but some countries import for food surplus

Food Supply Factors-

• Poverty- no tech, irrigation or fertilisers
• Conflict- crop destruction/ famine or insecurity
• Unskilled use of or lack of tech- low productivity
• Lack of water- failed crops
• Climate- extreme temps/ lack of produce, change= weeds/ pests in warm, bad farming
• Rising temps- pests/ diseases spread North and South from Tropics

Positive feeback effect- (Soil erosion- famine, pressure on crops- soil erosion)

Famine- shortage of food, Example- Ethiopia 1980s, political conflict/ drought= 400k died of starvation

Undernutrition- lack of balanced diet with minerals, Food and Agricultural Organisation= 805mil died 2012-14, 300,000 deaths per yr, half children's deaths, affects Southern Asia and s-s Africa

Soil Erosion- Removal of fertile top soil layers by wind and water, Cause= growing crops- nutrients used up, Deforestation- remoives trees' protective covering= run-off to farming, Cultivation of marginal land= increasing food production leads to fertility loss, Overgrazing= soil exposed by reducing vegetation.

Rising Prices- LICs and poor NEEs, because of increased prices for fertilisers, animal feed, storage, processing and transportation, Rice biggest cost increase since 2004

Social Unrest- public protest/ confluct agaisnt rising food prices (food riot), usually in LICs/ NEEs- Africa and Middle East

• 1 billion people go to bed hungry

Methods-

• Support small markets/ farmers, empower women for stronger babies
• Reducing child malnutrition increases GDP
• Unreliable conditions= lack of access limits crop growth
• Allianes between government and private sectors
• = 30% increase in food production and 115mil people will have more food

Irrigation-

• Artificial watering of land (dams, rivers extraction)- where water shortages in growing season
• Benefits larger commercial farming, incraeses food security and supports domestic food cultivation.
• Dams are expensive, salinisation, doesnt benefit small-scale farmers

Aeroponics/ Hydroponics-

• A= plants sprayed with fine water mist with minerals, H= plants grown in mineral rich water.
• Reduces chemical use, increases yields/ lower productio costs, seasonal food all year
• foods dont taste as good, cost of heating/ lighting

The New Green Revolution-

• Sustainable farming, misture of diff techniques (irrigation, soil conservation, water harvesting)
• Communty focus, improved rural transport, affordable credit, but expensive and not accessible

Bio-Technology-

• Living organisms to modify products/ processes (GM crops in farming)
• Higher yields (24% increase in Philipines) / fewer chems= less CO2 emissions.
• Effects on environment and human health

Appropriate Technology-

• Available/ cheap resources to increase output without losing jobs- poorer countries
• Adds value, available, not put out of work, only small scale farming

• Source= Tibetan Plateau (Himalayas) , runs through India, Pakistan, China and Afghanistan
• 5 main tributaries, western= Chenab and Jhelum
• Travels 3000km, in South Asia, joins Arabia Sea

Irrigation System-

• 1910 canals, 1925 hydro-construction, 3 reserviors in N of Pakistan= Tarbela, Chasma and Mangla- Tabela- Pakistan's largest reservoirs holding 11bil m of water
• Over 1.6milkm of ditches' streams for irrigation to Pakistan's agricultural land (240k hectares)
• 1947 Partition (Britain leaves and leaves behind India and Pakistan)
• 1960 Indus Water Treaty- distrbute water fairly.

Positives-

• Better food seurity for Pakistan, 40% more land for cultivation
• Agricultural-based industries deveoped, goods to export
• Diets improved, increased crop yields (fruit 150%), hydroelectric power
• Cultivate profitable crops (rice and sugar cane)
• Privately owned tractors- multiplier effect

• Better education as less nomadic families
• Higher net profits, clean drinking water and barron desert land for productive farming

Negatives-

• Some farmers take unfair water share, depriving others downstream
• High temperatures= more evaporation= salinisation
• Population growth incraese demand, 13yrs of conflict
• High costs to maintain reservoirs/ canals, and water logging as high water levels

Reducing Food Waste-

• 1/3 of UK waste is food, 15mil tonnes of food/ drink wasted a year (over half from households)
• Tesco- 30k tonnes wasted 6 months, 32% food wasted UK bread, £700 household wasted
• Bg sizes/ quantity too big, use by dates too close, buy individual items, portion and freeze
• Avoid unecessary bulk offers, rotate food, stock cupboard

Sub-Saharan Africa loses more food through production/ storage/ processing/ market than Europe as they have lower GDP so less money to spend on machinery/ facilities. Therfore they rely on workers so production rates are lower and climate can impact crop yields.

Europe wastes more food than Sub-Saharan Africa through consumption as it has a food surplus, so always has access to more food, and people have higher incomes, so can afford to watsre and buy more. But people in Africa have food defivit and little money so have to eat all their food so they don't become undernourished/ malnutritioned.

Sutainable Food Supplies-

• Organic Farming- less efficient and higher costs, but less chemicals so better soil health
• Reducing waste- 4.4mil tonnes of household food wasted, gov want 'zero waste economy'
• Seasonal Consumption- locally grown fruit/veg to lower food miles= lower CO2 emmissions and supprots local farmers
• Sustainably sourced fish/ meat- regulation, gov prevent overfishing to maintain fish species for future, small scale farms produce meat with free range/ orgaic methods
• Urban farming initiatives- food production in urban areas (GrowUp Box London)
• Permaculture- features of ecosystems to improve crop yields- non-polluting, (agroforestry)